Marketing MIx Essay

Syllabus School of Business MKT/421 Version 12 Marketing Copyright  © 2011, 2009, 2008, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2001 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course involves an integrated analysis of the role of marketing within the total organization. Specific attention is given to the analysis of factors affecting consumer behavior, the identification of marketing variables, the development and use of marketing strategies, and the discussion of international marketing issues. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Armstrong, G., & Kotler, P. (2011). Marketing: An introduction (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kerin, R. A., Hartley, S. W., & Rudelius, W. (2011). Marketing (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Perreault, W. D., Jr., Cannon, J. P., & McCarthy, E. J. (2011). Basic marketing: A marketing strategy planning approach (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Marketing Fundamentals Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Define marketing. 1.2 Explain the importance of marketing in organizational success. 1.3 Describe the elements of the marketing mix. 1.4 Explain the importance of the marketing mix in the development of marketing strategy and tactics. 1.5 Create a marketing plan. 1.6 Identify quantifiable elements that can be used to evaluate, monitor, and control marketing effectiveness. ASSIGNMENT 09/09/13 Due Date Points Reading Read Ch. 1 & 2 of Basic Marketing. 09/09/13 Reading Read Ch. 1 & 2 of Marketing Management. 09/09/13 Reading Review this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 09/09/13 Participation Participate in class discussion. 09/09/13 20 Learning Team Instructions Learning Team Charter Begin Learning Team process. Create the Learning Team Charter and Log will be due next week. First Due Date: 9/19/13. Learning Team Instructions Marketing Plan (Preparation) Your Learning Team must create a new product or service for an existing organization and complete assignments related to creating a Marketing Plan. These assignments culminate in the Marketing Plan: Final Paper and Presentation, due in Week Five. The Marketing Plan deliverables are: Marketing Plan: Phase I Paper: Marketing Plan: Phase II Paper Marketing Plan: Phase III Paper Marketing Plan: Final Paper and Presentation Begin working on the Marketing Plan. A Marketing Plan Outline is available in Course Materials, and will be posted in OLS. Individual Defining Marketing Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you define marketing. Include your personal definition of marketing and definitions from two different sources. Explain the importance of marketing in organizational success, based on these definitions. Provide at least three examples from the business world to support your explanation. Properly cite sources used in the paper. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. 09/09/13 100 Week Two: Marketing Research Details Due Points Objectives 2 2.1 Justify the importance of marketing research in the development of marketing strategy and tactics. 2.2 Analyze the importance of competitive intelligence and analysis in marketing. 2.3 Identify various segmentation criteria that impact target market selection. 2.4 Describe the various types of organizational buyers and consumers and the factors that influence their purchasing decisions. 09/16/13 Reading Read Ch. 8 of Marketing. Read Ch. 4, 5, & 6 of Marketing: An Introduction. 09/16/13 Reading Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 09/16/13 Participation Participate in class discussion. 09/16/13 20 Individual Marketing Mix Paper Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you describe the elements of the marketing mix: product, place, price, and promotion. Include the following: Select an organization with which you are familiar and describe how each one of the four elements of the marketing mix affects the development of the organization’s marketing strategy and tactics. Describe how each element is implemented. Suggested use of â€Å"headings† for each of the 4-P’s (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion). Identify your selected organization and the industry in which it exists. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Suggested Research: One Source listed from our text(s), and a minimum of two additional credible sources. 09/16/13 120 Learning Team Marketing Plan: Phase I Create a new product or service for an existing organization. This product or service will be the basis for your Marketing Plan Paper. Obtain your instructor’s approval of your product or service before beginning this project. PHASE 1: Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper that includes the following: An overview of the existing organization A description of the new product or service An explanation of the importance of marketing to your selected organization’s success A SWOTT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and trends) analysis on the new product or service The marketing research approach you would use to develop the marketing strategy and tactics for this new product or service Refer to the Marketing Plan Outline located on the student website for the general framework of the Marketing Plan. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Suggested research: Use our Text(s) and a minimum of 2 additional credible sources. Suggested use of â€Å"Headings† for each bullet point in the assignment. 09/19/13 50 Learning Team Charter LEARNING TEAM CHARTER: Post in Assignment Link of Team Leader 09/19/13 5 Learning Team Log LEARNING TEAM LOG: Post in Assignment Link of Team Leader 09/19/13 5 Week Three: Marketing Strategy: Product and Price Details Due Points Objectives 3 3.1 Describe the relationship between differentiation and position of products or services. 3.2 Analyze the impact of the product life cycle on marketing. 3.3 Identify the appropriate price strategy that should be used in the development of the strategic marketing plan. 09/23/13 Reading Read Ch. 4, 9, 10, 17, & 18 of Basic Marketing. 09/23/13 Reading Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 09/23/13 Participation Participate in class discussion. 09/23/13 20 Individual Marketing Research Paper CHOOSE ONE OPTION ONLY: (APA Individual Paper) OPTION 1: Visit one of your favorite Grocery Stores, Non-Foods, Warehouse Clubs, or Mass Merchandisers. Examine one department: (i.e. Cereals). Describe the store you have visited. What are the major brands in the department you have chosen? How many individual items are in the department? Are there any new items? What is the price range from lowest to highest? Are any of the items currently being promoted? How? Ask the store manager 1 or 2 Marketing questions on any topic / issue, and incorporate this information into your paper. Suggestions for the Manager’s question: 1. Has your store’s foot traffic been increasing or decreasing? 2. If decreasing, what types of promotions have you been doing to get more shoppers back into the store? 3. Who are your strongest competitors? 4. How well does your Private Label / Store Brand product line sell versus National Brands? Considering the entire store: 1. Discuss how you feel they differentiate themselves from their competitors. 2. How do you feel they have positioned themselves in the â€Å"mind† of their target customer? (i.e. â€Å"The Low Price Leader†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) 3. What price strategy are they utilizing in your opinion? 4. What recommendations do you have for the store to improve their business in the department you have studied? (i.e. – are their prices right? Does the appearance/flow of the department make it easy for the consumer to shop? Etc†¦) Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Suggested length: 1,050 – 1,400 words. ——————————————————————————————– OPTION 2: Resource: Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization Use the Virtual Organization link on the student website to access additional company information on Kudler Fine Foods. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you justify the importance of marketing research in developing Kudler Fine Foods’ marketing strategy and tactics. Include the following: Identify the areas where additional market research is needed. Analyze the importance of competitive intelligence and analysis regarding the development of Kudler Fine Foods’ marketing strategy and tactics. With either Option: Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. 09/23/13 150 Learning Team Marketing Plan: Phase II Use the product or service you selected for your Marketing Plan: Phase I Paper. PHASE II: Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you address the following: Identify the segmentation criteria that will affect your target market selection. Identify your target market. Describe the organizational buyers and consumers of your product or service and the factors that influence their purchasing decisions. Discuss how these factors will affect your marketing strategy. Analyze current competitors and define the competitive landscape for your product or service. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. (Suggested use of sources and research: One source from our text(s) and a minimum of two additional credible sources). 09/26/13 50 Learning Team Log LEARNING TEAM LOG: Post in Assignments Link of Team Leader 09/26/13 5 Week Four: Marketing Strategy: Place and Promotion Details Due Points Objectives 4 4.1 Analyze the impact of channel management decisions on marketing. 4.2 Select appropriate distribution channels. 4.3 Identify the appropriate place and promotional strategy that should be used in the development of the strategic marketing plan. 09/30/13 Reading Read Ch. 11, 12, 14, & 16 of Basic Marketing. 09/30/13 Reading Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 09/30/13 Participation Participate in class discussion. 09/30/13 20 Individual Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary Complete the simulation, Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing, located on the student website. Write a 1,050- to 1,450-word summary in which you address the following for each of the three major phases in the simulation: The situation Your recommended solutions, including why Your results Summarize the different marketing components addressed in this simulation by answering the following questions: What is the relationship between differentiation and positioning of products or services? Is the repositioning of the product in the simulation as you had expected it to be? Explain why or why not. What is the effect of the product life cycle on marketing? What effect did the product life cycle have on the product in the simulation? Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines 09/30/13 70 Learning Team Marketing Plan: Phase III Use the product or service you selected for your Marketing Plan: Phase I Paper. PHASE III: Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper that includes the following information: Describe the attributes of your product or service in detail. Describe the pace at which your product will move through the product life cycle and the factors that will affect its movement. How will the product life cycle affect the marketing of your selected product or service? Identify the positioning and differentiation strategies for the product or service. Identify the appropriate price strategy that should be used for the product or service. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. (Suggested use of sources and research: One source from our text(s) and a minimum of two additional credible sources). 10/03/13 60 Learning Team Log LEARNING TEAM LOG: Post in Assignments Link of Team Leader 10/03/13 5 Week Five: The Dynamic Environment of Marketing Details Due Points Objectives 5 5.1 Identify environmental factors that affect marketing decisions. 5.2 Explain the impact of technology on marketing. 5.3 Analyze the importance of social responsibility and ethics in marketing. 10/07/13 Reading Read Ch. 3 & 13 of Marketing Management. 10/07/13 Reading Read Ch. 15 & 16 of Marketing: An Introduction. 10/07/13 Reading Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 10/07/13 Participation Participate in class discussion. 10/07/13 20 Individual Final Examination FINAL EXAM: (Suggestion: Do Not Wait Until Last Day) Click the link to the Final Examination on the student website available at the end of Week Four through the end of Week Five. Complete the Final Examination. You are allowed one attempt to complete the examination, which is timed and must be completed in 3 hours. Results are auto graded and sent to your instructor. Typical exams have 30 questions with a combination of multiple choice and True/False. Exam Tips: See Course Materials for 2 attachments: A) Tips for Exam Success B) MKT 421 Final Exam Study Guide Use your Chapter Readings as a reference for all major concepts, some of which will be: 1) The 4-P’s of Marketing 2) Positioning and Differentiation 3) The Product Life Cycle 4) Market Segmentation and Demographics 5) The Purchase Decision Process 6) Distribution (Intensive / selective) 7) The New Product Development Process 8) Market Research (Primary vs. Secondary) 9) Monitor and Control elements. Instructor will post the PowerPoints from the readings every week after class for easier reference. 10/07/13 150 Individual Learning Team Evaluation 10/07/13 5 Learning Team Marketing Plan: Final Phase Resources: Marketing Plan: Phase I Paper, Marketing Plan: Phase II, Paper, Marketing Plan: Phase III Paper Use the Marketing Plan Outline listed on the student website as a guide. Write a 1,750 to 3,000 word paper: Phase IV. Address the following information in your paper: Identify the appropriate place and promotional strategy that should be used in developing the strategic marketing plan. Develop an initial sales promotion schedule. Create an advertising plan. Identify public relations opportunities for the product or service. Analyze the effect of channel management decisions on the marketing of your selected product or service. Select appropriate distribution channels for your product or service and address costs in terms of placement, shipping, and middlemen. Develop a budget for your plan. Identify quantifiable elements that can be used to evaluate, monitor, and control the effectiveness of your marketing plan. Conclusions / Recommendations Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. (Suggested use of sources and research: One source from our text(s) and a minimum of two additional credible sources). 10/07/13 80 Learning Team Presentation Prepare a 15- to 20-minute oral presentation accompanied by 10- to 15-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation illustrating your Marketing Plan Paper. May use additional presentation elements such as: Samples, Demonstrations, Focus Groups, Surveys. Suggested Length of Time: 20 – 30 minutes. Possible penalty for coming in over â€Å"or† under the time limit: 5% 10/07/13 40 Learning Team Log LEARNING TEAM LOG: Post in Assignments Link of Team Leader 10/07/13 5 TOTAL POINTS AVAILABLE: 1000 Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

Dr. Jr

1) Describe what occurs in each of the four parts of the hydrologic cycle and how each part of the hydrologic cycle is related to the next part of the cycle. The four parts of the hydrologic cycle are evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff. Water evaporated from the ocean eventually condenses as water droplets in clouds. If the cloud grows large enough, the droplets coalesce and fall as precipitation, mostly as rain, sometimes as snow or ice.The cycling of water molecules from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean. 2) Examine the northwestern portion in the country of Brazil in Figures 2-33, 4-14 and 4-22. a) What type of climate does northwestern Brazil experience? Humid Equatorial b) What type of soil does northwestern Brazil have? c) What type of biome is located in northwestern Brazil? 3) Based on your answers from #2, explain the relationships that exist between the climate, soil and biome of northwestern Brazil. ) According to Figure 4-22, i n which major terrestrial biome is eastern Nebraska classified? What major terrestrial biome classification is located to the east of that found in eastern Nebraska? Which climate factor (temperature or precipitation) explains the difference between the two biomes? 5) Explain the terms deforestation and desertification. Give one example of how the two are different. Give one example of how the two are similar. ) What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource? Give one example of each. 7) What is temperature inversion, and how does it affect urban air pollution problems? 8) What is meant by the term â€Å"nonpoint source pollution†? List two examples. 9) Describe, with an example of each, the influences of cultural values, level of technology, and economic systems on natural resource value. 10) Explain two arguments for and two arguments against nuclear power.

How Does Military Bearing Affects the Work Center and the People Around You

Military bearing affects the work center and the people around you in different ways. Having good and bad military bearing will always have different results. With a mess up no would not want to work with you at all. Good military bearing affects everyone in a positive way. You will have a positive attitude about everything you do and more. Everything wills eventually workout the way you want and need it to be. With good military bearing show that you know what you are doing.Someone will task you with something and know for a fact you will get the job done with no supervision. Bad military bearing will definitely affect and everyone else. Your bad military bearing will have a negative affect on yourself and will start to rub off on everyone else. Bad military bearing someone will never go to you with a task, if they have to someone will go with you to make sure that job get finished. Having a mess up attitude about everything you do. No one will never want too work with or for you at all.With a great attitude will always want to work with and for all the time. With military bearing it will always affect what you do and how you do it. Always think about it and realize is it the right thing or the wrong thing to. Always keep proper military bearing because you will never know what might happen when you don’t. No matter what military bearing will always be there even when you’re out on liberty. Your direct representative of the armed forces, so always remember that.

English as a Second Language Essay

America is truly a great nation. With all its progress, everyone outside the country desire to live and migrate in this country. In fact, it has become a popular migration destination aside from Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Thus, in every city in America, there are communities of people with diverse culture and origin. Hence, this paper attempts to dissect the policies being implemented by the government concerning English as a second language in America. History  The history of Bilingual Education in the United States can be traced in the founding of America as the nation’s founder adopted neither an official language nor a government-sanctioned body to regulate speech (Ovando, 2003, p. 1). Carlos T. Ovando of the Arizona State University reveals that behind the monolingual culture image of America, thousands of other American Indian languages were spoken in the 15th century, paving for the complexities and diversities in the linguistic culture of America. But Ovando says, most of these languages were filtered along with their cultural realities, as the founders envisioned a â€Å"country with a unified history, traditions, and a common language† (2003, p. 2). Ovando noted that this vision was based in general on the English system and schooling practices (2003, p. 2). But, language policy controversies from the beginning not prevented the founders to enforce a mono-language system or to regulate speech (2003, p. 2). During that time European language particularly Spanish was dominant that they were treated with respect more likely than others, and their speaker being accommodated in school and government services. Ovando calls this formative period as the period of â€Å"linguistic tolerance† because of the absence of strong and solid policy on language diversity (Ovando, p. 3). As the influx of immigrants from European countries continuous, diversity of language continuous to widen as immigrants hang on to their maternal languages. Thus, in the 19th century, laws were passed authorizing Bilingual Education. American states were allowed bilingual instructions in public and private schools (Ovando, p. 4). Research Many individual Americans were so concerned to have a national language and this reflected in the slogan â€Å"one country one language† (Ovando and Willey as cited in the work of Reid and Bourne, p. 141). The most notable was Noah Webster who attempted to create â€Å"a unique national character defined by common American English (Ovando and Willey as cited in the work of Reid and Bourne, p. 41). Their desire must be legitimate since English language has now been spoken around the world by about 1. 5 billion people. That means, English language has now become global and a stand as a medium of communication world wide. Thus, there is a need to teach English on schools not only in America but in every country of the world. Jill Bourne and Evan Reid pointed out that because of English is widely spoken; it has a wide range of context from air-traffic control down to popular music (p. 161). These according to Reid and Bourne create a need to learn English language to be able to communicate internationally. In the report made by Patricia Anne DiCerbo, throughout America, many foreign students are enrolling ranging from elementary to high schools, which’s common reason is migration from many parts of the world; and the dominant group among other groups is the Spanish-speaking people who are mostly coming from Latin America. She also noted that this group of students is the fastest growing group in the United States. These students are facing a lot of challenges in terms of academic performance because of language barrier. This problem poses some problems; for instance, in her (DiCerbo’s) report, about fifty-fifty percent of Latino Youth are having the opportunity to graduate or finish high school. This simple report gave DiCerbo a perception that English Language Learning should be given to foreign students. Ovando in the book English Language Learning in America pointed out some reasons or fears why English language is now being pushed (as cited by Reid and Bourne, p. 138). A lot of Americans are worried about the influx of immigrants from Latin America for fear they may pose threat to the cultural integrity of the nation. There are common concerns that American cities will be filled with Spanish or German-speaking aliens; and they live for years speaking only their own mother tongue and will never learn English (Reid and Bourne, p. 138). Another thing is that they fear that foreign language speakers may weakened the national body of politics as what had happened in Quebec, Canada because of the dominant French speaking aliens. Ovando quoted Governor Dick Lamn’s statement emphasizing the need to make English the official language in schools and in government. The statement said â€Å"immigrants who fail to assimilate in the society are social time bombs. † Finally, Ovando emphasized that in order for any one to get ahead; one has to be fluent in English (p. 138). In view of the above historical background, there is no reason to reject English Language Learning for it does in the first place, emphasize the need for everyone to learn and be fluent in English. Carrasquillo and Rodriguez said that ELL students are encouraged to learn academic and skills in English (p. 20). English Language Learning according to them means only of advancing simultaneously in the stages of developing interpersonal skills, mastering subject area content and skills, and acquiring academic language proficiency for each subject area, all in their second language which is English (Carrasquillo and Rodriguez, p. 0). Through retention of ELL, limited English proficient students are given the opportunity to cope up deficiencies in learning using English as medium of communication. Theory For us to be able to make a conclusion regarding the issue of bilingual policy in education, it would be important to understand the theoretical argument regarding this matter. There are various theories about bilingual policies of the United States but as space constraint, this paper cited only one theory although, there are several theories that discussed about bilingual education in the United States such as theory of Kloss (1977-1988) regarding the tolerant mood during the formative years; Baron (1990) emphasizing on slight development of English Language for the past two hundred years; REcinto (1998) which is talking about poor language minorities. It is easy to agree that these theories help in understanding language policies, especially on making conclusion about the issue. As Ovando pointed out that history is full of evidence that support any of these theories. The theory of Heath (1983-1990) tells us that the relationship between the literacy practices from each community corresponds closely to the literacy practice and expectation of the school. Heath found out that children from other community with English as their second language excel in their own community but fell behind in school. These children are perceived as lacking in school readiness skills at the point of entry. This means that children having native language aside from English would have poor academic performance because of language deficiencies which supposed to be not since curriculum-wise, American schools are better. Foreign students are having deficiency in terms of literacy level because of racial division or factor. Conclusion America is an English-speaking nation and English language is the internationally accepted language. It is the sovereign right of America to enforce to its citizens the use of their tongue as official medium of instruction both in public and private, as well as in government. Language is very important and it is a unifying instrument of a nation. After centuries of tolerance, it is high time that America unites its citizens by being monolingual. This is highly important since America has become the convergence of many nations such as African, Asians, European and other languages in the world. If each of the foreign community living in the United States will use instructional materials in their native tongue, as well as use it as a medium of instruction inside the classroom, America is in danger of breaking into pieces their culture and language. In the same way, the government offered the ELL as a means to help immigrant students to cope up with the difficulty of speaking English in the classroom. This training provides necessary practices and lesson in order to develop communication skills among the students. Also, ELL is offered in all schools in America as part of the curriculum of students whose native language is not English. Thus, the ELL is thoroughly learned and mastered through which, students learn mastery of the language as well as skills of communication in English. In the words of Carlos Ovando, children need to learn the English language for them to get ahead.

Adult Education is very important Essay

The problem in India is that we have adopted democracy without preparing the ground for it by educating population. But even now it is not too late if the programme of mass Adult educa ¬tion, or Social education is undertaken in right earnest as a mass movement. No doubt the provision of universal, compulsory and free primary education is the only solution to the problem of illiteracy. But the country cannot afford to leave out a whole mass of adults and grown-ups of our society from the benefits of the literacy-drive. Apart from the political justification to the problem, Adult education is needed because it is a powerful auxiliary and an essential incentive to primary education. No programme of compulsory universal education can bear fruit without the active support and co-operation of adults. It is, therefore, imperative that educational facilities should be provided to adults. Adult education, as the term signifies, is the education of grown-up men and women who are above eighteen years. Bryson says, â€Å"Adult education includes all activities with an educational purpose, carried on by people, in the ordinary business of life who use only part of their energy to acquire intellectual equipment. † Ernst Baker says, â€Å"Adult education is given on a part-time basis and, therefore, given concurrently with work and the earning of a living. † Maulana Azad re-oriented the concept of Adult education for preparing every citizen to play his part effectively in a democratic social order. So he renamed Adult education as ‘Social Education’. In our country, adult education is imparted tinder two aspects: (1) Adult Literacy i. e. education for those adults who never had schooling before; and, (2) Continuation education i. e. education for those adults who had some schooling before. Agencies of Social (Adult) education include all the bodies, organizations or institutions which ‘deliver the goods’ which contact the ‘consumers’ of social education and satisfy their needs. They may be categorized as under: (a) Teachers, Government servants, NSS and other volunteers, social education workers etc. b) Regular educational institutions like schools, colleges, rural colleges, community centres, agriculture extension groups, worker’s educational associations and voluntary organiza ¬tions. (c) Informal educational devices like forums, study circles, group discussions, listening groups, camps. (d) Recreational, educational bodies like theatres, cinemas, clubs, societies, fairs, melas, nautanki etc. (e) Institutions whose primary aim is not education, such as eligious bodies, the Army, Parents Associations, Co-operative Societies and other Government Departments. The scope of Adult education is very comprehensive. Social education covers all those topics that are not touched by education in general at school. Topics like religion, politics and family planning can now be discussed with adults who have a mature under ¬standing. Moreover, it aims at givi ng a new orientation to the outlook of adults to suit the dynamic world. Then, the growth grooves of each individual are different from those of others. Social education harmonizes differences in growth and it also provides an opportunity for growth to those who have not been able to grow properly or completely earlier. About the need and importance of Social (Adult) education Swami Vivekananda remarked : â€Å"So long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man a traitor, who having been educated at their expense, pays not the heed to them. Our great natural sin is the neglect of the masses and that is the cause of our downfall. No amount of politics would be of any avail until the mas ¬ses are well educated, well fed and well cared for. National development and reconstruction is closely allied to Adult Education. If democracy is to survive, we must educate the masses for social education is the new hope for illiterate masses. Social education is heeded to widen the intellectual and political horizon of the illiterate adults. It is also needed to sharpen the aesthetic sensibility of the adults and to set the cultural tone of the community. Moreover, social educa ¬tion is needed in order to guide in spending their leisure in healthful recreations and useful activities. Lastly, illiteracy and ignorance is a sin; an illiterate adult is a burden on society. Adult education emancipates people from the tyranny of illiteracy. The objects, or purposes, or functions of social education may be stated generally or pragmatically. The philosophically oriented functions of Adult education are clearing concepts of reality of universe and life, reconciling the old and the new approaches to life, balance and independent judgment, self-realisation, human relationship and citizenship training and economic efficiency. According to the second approach which is more pragmatic and practical education has to perform two-fold purposes to the indivi-dual and to the society. From the individual’s point of view social education fulfils various purposes remedial, vocational, health, recreational, self-development and social skills. From the social and national point of view the purposes of social education are social cohesion, national efficiency and development of national resources. On the practical plane, however, there are some difficulties that confront a Social education planner or worker. Some of the main difficulties and problems are : isolation of adult education in education, accommodating difficulties, age structure of the adults, the family circumstances and background of learners, occupational grouping, cultural background, socio-economic background, geo ¬graphical location of the social education centre, level of the social education worker teacher, lack of proper knowledge of adult psy ¬chology, paucity of leisure lack of equipment, lack of motivation, fatigue of adults and their constitutional and temperamental lethargy, lack of proper publicity, hostility from certain vested interests, poor supervision of centres and half-hearted implement ¬ation. The difficulties have to be overcome either by cleverness, or by fact or by compromise, or may be, by intentional avoidance. Only then we can hope to spread Adult Education. The purpose of all good teaching is to produce changes in human behavior. All adult education teacher must adopt a positive approach; he should help the adults learn quickly and effectively and willing by using any of the three prevalent methods – the Teacher Dominated methods, the Learner Dominated Method or the Co-operative Method. He may make use of any or all the seven types of aids given in the Govern ¬ment of India Handbook on Social Education viz, Spoken words, spoken words reproduced through radio or recording, written words, chart, graphs and maps, objects produced or reproduced as models, demonstrations, pageants, dramas, television and other objects represented as pictures, pictures reproduced by episcopate-slides etc. actual objects, field trips and specially arranged exhibitions, museums or films shows. Gandhiji’s idea of social service for college students during the vacation and, later on full time basis will prove invaluable in this regard. Young men and women taking up Adult education as a drive should be fired with a missionary zeal to eradicate illiteracy and ignorance from our country. The slogan should be â€Å"Each one, teach one. † Happily, greater emphasis has been laid on Adult Education in the Seventh Five-Year Plan. The tenth point in Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s 20-point Programme-‘Expansion of Education’-also makes special mention of stimulating Adult literacy. Sizeable funds have been allocated and separate staff, including the block and Aanganwari people has been deployed to foster Adult education. Adult education officers have been appointed in each college and they supervise the running of adult schools by student volunteers. The programme of Adult education has to be undertaken on war-footing. adult education is very important . adults must know the basic things of life. adult education is needed because it is an essential part of primary education. some people in their early age did not get chance to education because of some reasons but if they are old they can get education and discover their live in a new way. people who are not making effort for the success cant succeed in their lives . we can get education in any age . education helps us in many ways. such knowledge is necessary for every person living in a democratic country. education is a important part of our life. education means knowledge and it is very important for us. in old times people do not send their girls to schools for education but now people want that there childern should be educated. if we are not educated we have to depend on others but if we are educated we do not have to depend on others. educated person can differentiate between good or bad. education increase our knowledge

Analysis and Evaluation of Tridents Success Essay

Analysis and Evaluation of Tridents Success - Essay Example Their tag line â€Å"completing the package† also tells their aim and main purpose which is to provide marketing to a company in a unique way. Tridents have captured their market in exotic way which has also helped them to expand their value and placement in market. Trident as a company has main focus on the packaging and graphic management of the consumers brand. It has kept their market very focused and simple. In other words it deals and targets all the companies and their products which need packaging. The main reason for their success is also because of the unique nature of their company, and the service which they provide. There are many other companies which might offer such packaging or graphic management but not under one roof with such high standards. Secondly the level of quality they have maintained in their work is the main reason for their success and well-known name in market. So the market of Trident Company is very vast as they target and invites all the compa nies for designing of their graphic management and products for their good packaging. TRIDENTS HISTORY Trident was established in 1993 by Dave Keel and Bob Caroll. They both were working in company Harlans, in directors bored. Harlans is a large successful printing house company in Hull. Harlans was a successful company which was able to offer an extensive scope of printing capacity to its customers. But when its success started to fade due to the down fall of Harlans culture, the two current owners of Trident - Dave and Bob decided to initiate and start their own new business. As they were aware of business before because of the experience and vision in Harlans Company, they kept in mind to avoid and overcome all the issues which they have faced or have seen in Harlans. The foundation of Trident consisted of just 5 staff members in 1993 and their main focus was to offer and manage consistency in design, colors and graphics for all the global brands. The business whose bricks were b uilt on trust in just one room; their staff was able to come and leave whenever they wanted to but the only agenda they had was to complete their given work on the very day. In start they had no structure but just few staff members who worked over this motive that don’t put down any of the colleague or customer; always do something to help them and do something to impress them. And till today this is tridents slogan to swear on. After eleven months of their hard work and consistency, Trident was bought by Sonoco. Sonoco is global packaging organization with over 300 manufacturing locations in almost 30 countries. (Sonoco, 2011) Sonoco provided help to Trident to grow and develop. With increasing employee numbers of company, the structure gradually kept changing. Manager and Supervisor titles were introduced and appointed to each team which managed different customers’ brands. As Trident evolved in both structure and technology; they were able to expand and become a glo bal company. (Trident, 2011) It now employs more than 250 people in their Hull site branch. Now Trident has opened five sites. Their second branch is in UK. And two branches in Asia and one in USA. Their customers’ portfolio incorporates some of the well-known brands like P&G, Body Shop, SC Johnson, Reckitt Benckiser and Phillips, etc. SWOT ANALYSIS All the factors in business which influence the actions and operation of the company and which are not under the control of the company are known as

Foundation of business thoughts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Economics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Assessment questions for Global Marketing Essay

Assessment questions for Global Marketing - Essay Example lection of segmentation criteria, collection of relevant information, profiling of geographical location of the consumers as per the segmentation criteria, evaluation of the appropriateness or the attractiveness of the segmentation and updating and reassigning the segment membership. Identification of the purpose of global market segmentation involves the assessment of different segmentation strategies. These segmentation strategies assist global organizations to analyze the major objectives of market segmentation. These objectives consists the identification of customer needs to offer more suitable product for them, improvement of customer profitability by analyzing pricing process, identification of new target consumer groups, improvisation of customer retention and identification of growth opportunities to gather desired market share. The proper analysis of the marketing strategy will enable organization to adequately assess the market segmentation requirement. After identifying the major purposes, it is essential to analyse the suitable segmentation criteria. There are a number of based or methods which can be utilized to segment different global marketplace. The segmentation bases can be divided according to traditional process as well as the requirement of emerging market. The traditional segmentation bases include demographic, geographic, cultural, environmental, psychographic and behavioural criteria. On the other hand, the emerging segmentation bases focuses on response elasticises and product diffusion pattern. The choice of the bases of segmentation is one of the most important factors for global market segmentation. Global organisation need to focus on the selection of the right base for their market segmentation procedure in terms of their products/ services and customers profile. The segmentation bases for global market differs due to the differences in consumers responses and product features. The selection of wrong bases of th e segmentation can

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Argument - Essay Example Further, college enrolment at present day and time is shocking in the sense that, there is low college enrolment among the disadvantaged and minority groups. Socio economic factors, is also argued as another deterrent to progressive education in America, and this is evident among Hispanics, African Americans and the Asians. Surveys since 1980 have shown a static progress with respect to female enrolment in college (Ross & Kena 2012, p.5). The gap between the affluent and the disadvantaged has not changed for a while, and this provides the support for the argument that more need to be done to improve college enrolment in America. In a 2010 report, there is still a higher rate of non-white living in abject poverty whereby this result in constraints to enroll their children for college education (Ross & Kena, 2012, p.5). Barriers such as ethno-cultural inclinations act as an impediment to accessing college education. The underrepresentation among different cultural groups in the America n society is slowing down the progress of accessing higher education. There are other groups who feel not part of the establishment, and regard accessing postsecondary education as inconsequential. At the present, the education system is not active in appealing to the underprivileged groups. As a result, access to higher education in the American society still lacks equity, as there is need for an inclusive knowledge based society. In addition, there are issues not taken serious by the system, and this includes engaging in motivation the underrepresented of the benefit of accessing college education. This group still lack necessary information regarding the importance of accessing post-secondary education. Further, public funds are not equitably distributed to support the development of higher education in America. While other states are way ahead, there are other states that still require federal support. The regions with higher minority population still need federal funding to adv ance higher learning. There still occurrences where postsecondary students aspiring to join college are unaware of the existence of financial aid. As a result, the disadvantaged students give up on their ambitions to pursue higher learning (College Student Alliance 2011, p.30). In perspective, the situation regarding financial barrier to accessing higher learning is real. The number of youth accessing higher education from affluent homes remains higher compared to those from disadvantaged homes. There are no grassroots structures to help youth from minority groups accessing government aid and attend the prestigious colleges in America (College Student Alliance 2011, p. 30). On another note, social mobility still lack in the fabric of the American society and social status still dictates the university to attend. The percentage of affluent students enrolling in prestigious and private colleges is higher, compared to youth from poor families. Prestigious colleges are still reluctant i n providing enrolment information to the disadvantaged neighborhoods. According to Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission (2013, p.8), it is still a common occurrence to record a smaller enrolment among the disadvantaged groups in prestigious institutions such as Oxbridge. The government participation in promoting higher educati

MOVEO folding electric scooter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MOVEO folding electric scooter - Essay Example In marketing of MOVEO, a folding electric scooter of Antro group, an intensive research has been done in the markets globally to enable for the sale of moveo. This is in line with the strategies of a good marketing communication plan that requires intensive research before the launch of a plan to market a product in the market. The marketing of Moveo entails the understanding of in-depth target audiences. Moreover, the processes of selling, buying and communication need to be included in the marketing communication plan to enable for an effective marketing of Moveo. Marketing plan needs to outline interactions processes in procedures for an effective marketing. In this paper, marketing communication plan has the following tools and information that produces a foremost-speed marketing communications sketch for the purchase of moveo globally. First, the development of marketing communication arrangement has been considered, communications planning guide, marketing tactical plan, market ing budget plan and finally a schedule to prevent any constrains in the marketing of Moveo. The inclusion of the above procedures in the marketing plan creates overwhelming markets for the buying and selling of moveo products across the world (Boy Scouts of America, 2009). In the development of market communication plan, the figure below has been considered to show how different channels of communication work to enable for an effective buying and selling of Moveo in the global market. The development of the plan includes facing of materials by customers. The materials include press releases, brochures, web sites and trade shows (Clark, 2004). The marketing communication plan of moveo includes keeping the company voice in one, across vast number of products, customer interactions and regions, enabling varied groups of citizens to create incorporated infrastructure channels, assisting in the

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Research Paper

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) - Research Paper Example The Mexican-American war was declared by America on May 13, 1846. The war was generated by the United States’ annexation of Texas whose border was a matter of dispute between the two nations. By the time the war ended on February 2, 1848, the United states owned 500,000 square miles of Mexican territory . From the start, the subject of acquiring land being the main motive behind the war was a cause of dispute among many political parties of the United States and this caused political divisions in the nation. The Democratic Party members strongly supported the war as they were in favour of rapid territorial expansion beyond the borders of America. The northern parties did not favour such rapid expansion and they strongly opposed the war. These parties were concerned over how much Texan land to acquire because slavery was in practice in southern Mexico and this portion of the land was inhabited by a large number of Mexican population. The Whigs political party opposed the war be cause they were against such agenda of acquisition of more land; they favored slow territorial expansion and wanted to limit the encouragement of the practice of slavery. They also did not favor Mexicans as part of the United States population. Berhardt in his article focused on the press coverage of such difference of opinions among the political parties and how they shaped the war. J.G. Bennett’s New York Herald supported the views of the Southern Democrats of capturing the entire land of Mexico as it would raise the practice of slavery

Macroeconomic in Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macroeconomic in Finance - Essay Example These models also highlight the interrelatedness of variables in the economy, which is one of the core concepts in contemporary macroeconomics. Explain how the effectiveness of both fiscal and monetary policy is dependent on the sensitivity of money demand to the interest rate in the closed-economy. Explain how other factors may also impact on policy effectiveness. Monetary policy is "the government or central bank process of managing the money supply to achieve specific goals such as constraining inflation, maintaining an exchange rate, achieving full employment, or economic growth." The monetary policy tools refer to the policy tools of the central bank used to affect the money supply and interest rates such as open market operations, changes in the discount rates, and changes in the reserve requirements (Mishkin 2004). It should be noted that the effectiveness of all these policies rests on the relationship between money supply and interest rate. Accordingly, an increase in the money supply tends to bring a reduction in the interest rate while a decrease in money supply brings about a rise in interest rates. It is notable that without affecting the interest rate, monetary policy renders no effect on the economy. For example, a government wishing to eliminate unemployment pursues an expansionary monetary policy lowering the reserve ratio. Th is in effect will lead to excess reserve rates and encourages bank lending while increasing the money supply. Since interest rate is inversely related with money supply, interest rate falls which encourages investment. Aggregate demand increases and unemployment is reduced or eliminated through the creation of

Microeconomics of green jobs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microeconomics of green jobs - Research Paper Example Moreover, it should be help in conserving the environment and promoting the health and well-being of everyone. In order to impact on the economic activity, green job policy should be carefully thought. No political or unnecessary rhetoric should be used to hinder the implementation of viable green job policies. Hence, as the article illustrates, a job should be considered as green in case it can contribute to job creation and economic activity by either substituting labor for capital or substituting capital for labor (Furchtgott-Roth, 2012). By doing this, it will be much easier to introduce an activity which benefits the country. For instance, the use of hybrid vehicle system can be of many benefits because it can help in creating more jobs to the drivers and fleet monitors. Therefore, for a green job to be in a position of improving economic efficiency, the policy makers should be quite thoughtful in their decisions. Meaning, they should ensure that more work is produced through focusing on how the policy can be able to breakdown all the barriers to energy efficiency that can be relied upon to stimulate economic prosperity by making a good use of money which would otherwise be wasted. Based on the above discussion, I would like to begin by concurring that green job is a wise initiative. It has lots of benefits to the society. In this regard, I recommend that the policy makers should not bring politics into the formulation of such policies. Instead, they should come up with policies that encourage the use of new technologies and can help in conserving the environment. Such policies should greatly impact on job creation; cater for the health and well-being of all the citizens and create room for future growth (Furchtgott-Roth, 2012). In addition, I would like to recommend that the policy makers should give priority to long-term projects which can benefit the society for a long time. This implies that the green job project chosen should

Up dates on the mental disorder panic disorder with agoraphobie (PDA) Essay

Up dates on the mental disorder panic disorder with agoraphobie (PDA) - Essay Example HelpGuide (2006) identifies the general treatments as â€Å"cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of the two†. Little is known on the recent developments on the study of these existing treatments. This paper then will attempt to evaluate some recent studies or new investigations that researchers have come up with to gain knowledge on the nature of PDA and its treatments. National Institute of Mental Health says that there are approximately 2.4 million of American adults having panic disorder within the age group of 18 to 54 years. Which is â€Å"about 1.7 percent of people in this age group† and about one third of this population have agoraphobia (as cited in Helpguide, 2006). Symptoms of this disorder feature physical symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, palpitations, nausea or abdominal distress that are brought on by incidents that bring intense fear of being alone, dying and losing control in a public place. People with this particular panic disorder try to avoid or endure circumstances which they know they are not at eased with. Another indication is that they tend to become bound to their houses for long periods of time. Like other mental disorders, it is associated with many possible factors but the accurate cause of this disorder is yet to be known. One reason could be that physical symptoms of the anxiety attack of a panic d isorder with agoraphobia coincide with symptoms of other medical conditions. Treatment of PDA usually comes with cognitive-behavior therapies like exposure therapy. It is a very effective way of treating the disorder because first and foremost it makes the patient understand and accept the nature of his situation. In a study done by Asbahr, De Araujo, De Barros-Neto, Ito, Marks, & Tess (2001), self exposure to interoceptive or internal phobia cues were studied in comparison to self exposure to external phobia cues. This study was conducted because exposure therapy to external

Diversity Activity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity Activity - Assignment Example The activity initiates learning and appreciation of diversity differences and consequent effects as conflicting behaviors. Students can develop tolerance towards opposite gender since the activity promotes sharing of ideas on cultural diversity among students. The activity enhances the involvement of both able and challenged students, encourages, and promotes involving disabled students. The creation of an inclusive learning environment, through the activity, is of notable importance to middle school learners. The chain of diversity is one of the activities that instructors in middle school can use to create awareness on different cultures among students. The activity creates togetherness among students by informing them on their similarities. 5. Every student reads to the class what he or she considers as a similarity in cultures among the class members. After completing the second stage of the activity, students share their views with colleagues by reading out their points on the differences in cultures. 7. To keep the students aware of the diverse similarities and differences in cultures highlighted, students pin the paper strips around their class walls. The paper strips are arranged as a link in a chain as a demonstration of cultural link. In assessing the impact of the activity on students’ sensitivity to diversity, the instructor may ask related questions to different cultures highlighted by students during the activity. The level of participation of students during the activity acts as a credible scale of determining the students’ level of sensitivity towards diversity in culture. When students have high enthusiasm and willingness in highlighting the points, they have a high level of awareness on the topic. The extent to which students answer questions after the activity is credible means of determining their level of sensitivity towards the diversity

Book Review on The Consolations of Philosophy Essay

Book Review on The Consolations of Philosophy - Essay Example While cultural shock and temptation to conform is the plight of international students, appreciating one’s identity, friendship, positive attitude towards pain, and keeping oneself entertained is all what one needs to live a happy and fulfilled life. Epicurus, a Greek philosopher, puts the idea of friendship into perspective when he attaches his happiness to it. He notes that while he had adequate wealth and lavish house, his happiness was a product of the company he entertained rather than his wealth. He thus created a habit of eating together with his friends. In the same vein, most international students are a privileged lot with money or scholarships that accord them lavish lifestyles. However, their happiness cannot be derived from wealth or material property, but instead from congenial company with friends. Epicurus’ philosophy against pegging on wealth as a source of happiness may be reinforced by Seneca, a Roman Stoic philosopher, who asserts that â€Å"a man’s peace of mind does not depend on Fortune.† Therefore, international students should endeavour to create a new clique of reliable friends in the earliest convenience. They should further relish doing things together including eating. Culture shock is a real experience that any person in a foreign country undergoes or lives through in their initial months. Michel the Montaigne, One of the most influential writers when talking about people travelling in foreign lands notes that, â€Å"Once out of their villages, they feel like fish out of water, clinging to their ways and cursing foreign ones.† This is a difficult period that is characterised by homesickness and tendency to stay secluded. In order to help such students cope with the new culture, most colleges and universities have devised induction programs. However, Socrates sounds warning bells against the idea of conforming to new systems without questioning their logic. Arguing from his experience

Elements of Religious Traditions Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elements of Religious Traditions Paper - Essay Example One way of resolving this difficulty is to take a comparative approach, viewing what happens with an open mind. It is possible to detect similarities and differences which might illuminate key issues which lie at the heart of human religious experience, such as how these religions help people to conduct a relationship with the divine through special holy places and artefacts, special times and a particular way of relating to each other. The twentieth century European scholar Mircea Eliade wrote an influential study on the sacred and the profane, and identified the fact that religious experience often takes place in clearly marked special places: â€Å"Every sacred space implies a hierophany, an irruption of the sacred that results in detaching a territory from the surrounding cosmic milieu and making it qualitatively different.† (Eliade: 1987, 26) Natural features like caves, rivers and mountains were often imbued with this notion of sacredness and archaeologists detect elemen ts of religious significance in early monuments such as stone circles and pyramids. Humans appear to have a need to reserve, or indeed construct, very special places in which to step outside the everyday pressures of life and reflect more deeply.

Trace the historical development of physical education Essay Example for Free

Trace the historical development of physical education Essay Trace the historical development of physical education and discuss the effects that these developments have had on your opportunities to develop performance in your chosen activities The historical development of physical education has had a significant effect on my opportunities and personal performance. I will be investigating the effect of historical development of physical education by looking at various Acts made during the past two centuries, especially in schools and the various forms of physical education lessons which have been used in the past. In the nineteenth century there were two distinct traditions in education Public Schools and State Elementary Schools. Public schools were for the gentry and were fee paying. They were usually non-local, residential and were single sex schools. The students played many games and concentrated on the characteristic of leadership and teamwork. They would regularly play these games and develop the rules which had recreational values. The facilities were good due to the fees paid. Physical Education has developed dramatically in public and private schools since. Education in this country started with private schooling for the social elite. Pupils enjoyed extensive facilities and focused on the character building aims of education, as preparation for responsibilities in later life as employers, officers, members of the clergy and so on. Competitive team games developed to serve these aims. There was always a concentration on sport rather than a physical education emphasis and this is still common today. Competitive fixtures are a recognised feature and the reputation from winning helps to distinguish different schools. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century State Elementary schools were for lower class people. They were free, cramped and had mixed sexes. The type of teaching was associated with military drills and Swedish gymnastics, and was more based on physical training. The lessons low status and there was lots of foreign influence. The students were valued for discipline and the training was to get them fit for war. They were more interested in social control values recreational and educational values were learnt later on. This is also changed dramatically over the years. State education began after the Forster Education Act 1870 which initiated compulsory schooling for all. In the state system physical education is compulsory and is a core subject of the National Curriculum. The class teacher is usually in charge, though is not usually a specialist. The content of the lessons is usually based on movement and ball skills. Learning by moving and doing is considered essential to the physical, emotional, intellectual and social education of young children. Variety is also important as concentration span is limited and stimulating activities need to be included. In addition to the curriculum, many schools also offer club activities like gymnastics, netball, soccer, country dancing, etc. Another major historical development was when a man called Thomas Arnold encouraged moral features of teamwork such as self discipline, loyalty, courage, character building qualities and leaders. By mid nineteenth century headmasters and staff in public schools started to organise sports. This helped with the development of games. There was local variation of games to schools from villages, the students played regularly and in their free time, school rules, skills and boundaries were developed, teams played competitively, the boys organised a self government, codified rules and inter-school fixtures began and there was the development of games elite. Athleticism was the physical endeavour with moral integrity. The cult of athleticism stressed the physical and social benefits of sports. Physical benefits were seen to cancel out the effects of inactive lifestyles. Sport was seen as therapeutic, invigorating and beneficial. It was a break from work. Sport could take place in a competitive situation which would help the boys to cope with winning and losing in a dignified manner. This in turn developed leadership qualities e.g. being captain was a high status office to hold and inspiring to many of the other students. The performance was seen as more important than the result. Athleticism also met middle class values of respectability and order. Values of sportsmanship, leadership and abiding by the rules. There were people who were against the idea of athleticism. They said that it lead to regimentation of boys thoughts and behaviour with destruction of individuality, and believed that students were finding it more important the their other studies. Old boys brought games from universities with codified rules and philosophy to excel at their sport. This contributed to technical development and improved standards. Sports Day was also introduced which gave a chance for old boys, parents and governors a chance to relate to exercise. Athleticism brought about an old boys/girls network, sports clubs and governing bodies became significant administrative features, officers in army and navy influential on troops, clergy influenced parishioners, teachers went back into schools, employers encouraged games in their workforce and the empire enabled these developments to be spread world wide. Overall it can be seen that athleticism was a benefit in developing physical education and it still carries on in todays sport. Female Education also helped development in physical education. In the late 1800s education for girls was very poor, pretentious and costly. Accomplishment for society was not intellectual development and competitiveness was not socially acceptable for women. Muscles bound was not good for childbearing and was a threat to the normal behaviour. Due to wealth in the 19th century there was more leisure time and the women were more hard headed, had more common sense and groups of middle class women overcame prejudice. The Schools Inquiry Commission 1868 was important, and in 1881, universities recognised the girls fulfilled degree requirements of boys. In 1898 there was the endowed Schools Act where by 80 girls were endowed. And by 1900 there were 36 public schools for girls, and by the 1918 Act gave girls the same education as boys. miss Bergman wrote the Teachers Encyclopaedia which introduced the principal games in girls school hockey, cricket, basketball and lacrosse. She also saw the benefit of tennis but felt students were already reasonable proficient from their social backgrounds. Womens athletics emerged in the last 1/4 of the nineteenth century. Physical activity developed later. The development was linked to sociological factors. When prejudicial attitudes began to change, girls began to participate in activities such as tennis, hockey, gymnastics and cricket. Social games like tennis allowed a mixture of sexes. Female participation in physical activity have helped to develop my opportunities to develop performance as tennis was one of the first sports women were allowed to play. The ladies were able to play privately away from the public gaze, and it was a game which helped to remove some of the stereotypes. They could run around becoming increasingly energetic and clothing began to be slightly less restrictive. Schools also accepted the game as it was non-contact, had rules and was acceptable to the parents. The middle classes also ensured its club development and the administrative structures. The lower classes had to wait until there was public provision, so their participation was delayed. Real tennis was similar it was the sport of the noblemen and royalty and in 1536 there were restrictive acts which forbade servants and labourers to play. This helped to retain the privileged status of the elite. The game was originally played with the hand but the development of rackets led to this being a more popular way of playing. It was a very sophisticated, exclusive game requiring expensive facilities, equipment and an understanding of the complex rules and social etiquette of the game. The Model Course was a major development of physical education. This course encouraged a policy of drills and physical training, but little recreational value. In 1902 the Model Course was instituted by Colonel Fox of the War Office. The aim was to improve the fitness of working class for military preparation, increase familiarity with combat and weapons, and improve discipline and obedience amongst the working class. The drills were done in uniform, in military rows with the students obeying commands. The problem was, they were teaching adult exercises to children. This model was not taking the needs of physical and mental development into account. There was no educative content and individualism. The teachers were not qualified and were of a lower status. Due to the problems the Board of Education established syllabus of physical training in 1904, 1909, 1919, 1927 and 1933. These stressed the physical and educative effect of sport. The physical content of the syllabus was influenced by the primary concern for medical and physiological base from which they approached the subject. Therapeutic effect, correction of posture faults, exercises to improve circulatory system were foremost in the aims. The educational aims were to develop alertness and decision making. The 1919 syllabus had consideration in loss of life in World War 1 and the flu epidemic after. The 1933 syllabus was more do to with the freedom of movement and was more decentralised. There was a recognition of the increasing rights of the working class and development of educational value of group word. Millions died in World War I, and so public schoolmen had ideals of service to the country and were enthusiastic about conflict. Following the war there were hopes of a more equal society due to massive loss of life sustained from all levels of power and responsibility of society. After World War II the Butler Education Act 1944 was introduced. This was a major social reform in Britain, it removed special privileges and ensured equality of opportunity to all. There were 146 local education authorities which provided recreational facilities, the leaving school age was 15, education in grammar schools was free and the 11 plus was introduced, new secondary schools were built, there were more mature forms of P.E. and the 1944 McNair Report gave physical education teachers the same status as other teachers. The rebuilding program after the war helped develop physical education. The facilities became more sophisticated, more physical education teachers were enlisted and there was a movement away from therapeutic and medical values and more emphasis on heuristic and guidance style of teaching. The movement approach was also introduced. Children used their initiative and learnt by discovery. Other major developments were that team games were giving way to more individual pursuits, travel was now available to all classes, the motor car enabled mobility fro even the working classes and air travel had become commonplace for sport teams which also resulted in an increase in competitions. Television had a major impact on sports, creating interest in new heroes in sports otherwise unknown to millions. National and international standards rose at the expense of school performances. Local authorities were supplying more recreational facilities such as swimming baths, adventure playgrounds etc. The development of National Parks opened up the countryside and encouraged outdoor activities. People were more free to choose their leisure pursuits than ever before. The Moving and Growing Programme was also a major development in the history of physical education. There were two publications Ministry of Education 1952 and 1953. The had influences of obstacle training from the army and movement training from centres of dance. There was also circuit training, weight training (progressive resistance training) and there was Outward Bound Schools promoting adventurous activities to develop personalities within natural environment in challenging conditions. This was more of a child centred approach, and as a result of educational thinking physical education teachers were now autonomous with personal control over the physical education syllabus. The activities included agility, playground and more major game skills, dance and movement to music, national dance and swimming. This was more exploratory, creative, individual and fun. Due to this programme many more activities have become available in schools curriculum, and these sports have become more ad venturous and our knowledge has increased over the years on these sports. The National Curriculum attempts to raise standard in education and make schools more accountable for what they teach. Physical Education is compulsory from the ages of 5-16. There are attainment targets and programmes of study. Children are required to demonstrate knowledge, skills and understanding involved in areas of various physical activities. There are four Key Stages. The Physical Education curriculum took place in August 1995 with Sport, Raining the Game. This has been outdated by Curriculum 2000 changed, which brought physical education more into line with other subjects. The advantages of the National Curriculum are that there is a uniformity of experience and the approach is co-ordinated. It gives the teachers guidance and there is a wide range of experience with pupils. However some would disagree and say that there is no allowance for regional variations and that it can limit choice for teachers. They also think that the tradition of schools is lost and that the cost of facilities and resources is greater. The National Curriculum can help in my performance as it helps me to judge how I am progressing and how I can improve. It gives me goals to work towards to achieve the next highest level. Assessments in physical education are also very common. The have aims and objectives and the achievement of the student is evaluated and progressed. There are several types of assessments longitudinal student profiles, purely quantitative data like fitness tests and generalised comments. Children need to show what they know, what they can do and understand. Written and verbal language is also important, and being able to use all of these in performance situations. The assessment evaluates the whole person and is not just physical. The ability to work in a group, individually and the ability to abide by the rules is also important. These assessments have helped develop my performance as teachers and coaches can give feedback on how to progress and due to mark schemes etc. they can judge how far I am progressing and what my aims are for the future and how I can improve further. The changes in society and education in the last 20 years have affected school sport i.e. extra-curricular opportunities, with a reduction in emphasis on the sporting elite. Extra-curricular clubs, open to all, became more acceptable. Although, many teachers continued to focus on competitive sports and extra curricular activities were affected by the teachers strikes in the early 1980s, financial cuts were felt in terms of transport, the local management of schools allowed schools to supplement their funds by selling off school fields, the increasing amount of leisure and employment opportunities from children meant they were less attracted to competing for their school team and the anti competitive lobby became more vocal. Competitive sport helped to develop children in sport. The children taking part would have a natural competitive instinct, and would be more motivated to practise. They would also enjoy the sport more and competition can raise self esteem and they can learn how to cope with failure and success. But some people espoused the theory that competition in sport was not good for childrens development, stating the continued feelings of failure can cause stress and anxiety and the need to win can encourage unsporting behaviour. Over the years people have also come to realise that sports can greatly benefit overall fitness including reducing the risk of dying prematurely, reducing the risk of dying from heart disease, reducing the risk of developing diabetes, reducing the risk of developing high blood pressure, helps reduce blood pressure in people who already have high blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing colon cancer, reducing feelings of depression and anxiety, helps control weight, helps build and maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints, helps older adults become stronger and better able to move about without falling and promotes psychological well-being. Due to realising theses developments the government has produced better sport facilities which can also aide in our development of physical education. In conclusion it can be seen that all of these periods in history have contributed to the development of sport. They have increased the amount of opportunities that we have and the facilities have greatly increased. Due to many of the Acts and the National Curriculum we are now free to participate in a much larger variety of activities and not only do we involve ourselves in physical activities but we learn the educational side of sport. I think that through the times the physical education system has improved and now we have more freedom to do what we want. I think that it is good to have physical education compulsory to a certain age as it is an attempt to keep children informed of the benefits of health and fitness and can keep the children more lively and enthusiastic about sport.

Sodium Hydroxide Essay Example for Free

Sodium Hydroxide Essay Research Question: When constant successive portions of Sodium Hydroxide are added to Acetic Acid; how do the changing amounts of Sodium hydroxide mixed with Acetic Acid in the conical flask affect the pKa of Acetic Acid? Background Research: A weak acid is defined as being an acid that does not donate all of its hydrogen ions in a solution (Neuss, 2007) A weak acid represented by HA will always be in equilibrium with its ions in an aqueous solution, for example: HA (aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq) The equilibrium constant will thus be given as products over reactants by: Ka is most commonly known as the acid dissociation constant. The pKa is just the pH of the Ka i.e. pKa = -logKa and is used as a quantitative measure the strength of a weak acid in solution. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), on the other hand, is a strong base and reacts with Acetic acid (CH3COOH) to produce water (H2O) and a salt (NaCH3OO) as follows: CH3COOH + NaOH H2O + NaCH3OO A method called a Titration provides information about the behavior of acids through the pH scale. In a titration, base is gradually added until the acid reaches an endpoint or equivalence point. When the equivalence point is reached, the pH of the solution will change rapidly, because all the acid has reacted with the added base. A pH meter can be used to determine the pH of the acid throughout the titration, and can be used to determine the equivalence point. When carefully measured volumes of strong base are added to a solution of weak acid and the pH is noted, a graph can be drawn with pH on the y axis and the volume on the x axis. The graph is known as the Titration/pH curve and the theoretical pH curve of the neutralization reaction between Acetic acid and Sodium Hydroxide is provided below: Figure 1: Theoretical Titration curve of Acetic acid and Sodium Hydroxide. This picture was obtained through www.google.com/images/titrationcurve The flat portion of the titration curve before the end point (refer to figure 1) is called the buffer region. In this part of the pH scale, that the Acetic acid and Sodium hydroxide are both preset in significant concentrations and the solution resists changes in pH. In the middle of the buffer region lies the half equivalence point. Here the volume of base added is half that required to reach the equivalence point. We can determine the pKa or Ka of an acid by finding the pH when half way to the endpoint of the titration since pKa = -log Ka (refer to figure 1). A smaller Ka value suggests a larger pKa value. The larger the pKa value the weaker the acid. Base solution is added until the equivalence point is reached. Thus, to determine the pKa of Acetic acid, the amounts of base mixed with acid will vary, the pH will be measured at regular intervals which will ultimately allow the pKa to be determined. Hypothesis: In this experiment, the amount of Sodium Hydroxide released from the burette will never change. What changes, however, is how much base is in the conical flask. To begin with there will be no base but when 1cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide is added then there is 1mL of Sodium Hydroxide in the conical flask. Then when another 1 cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide is added there will be 2mL of Sodium Hydroxide in the conical flask. So what is changed is the amount of base in the conical flask and it is this amount of base that changes the pKa. Thus, I hypothesize that as the amount of Sodium Hydroxide increases, pH will gradually increase until it reaches the end point where there will be a sudden increase. Afterwards, the amount of base will overtake the Acetic acid and this would result in a plateau in the pH curve. Aspect 2 Defining Independent and Dependent Variables Table 1: Dependent and Independent Variables Independent The amount of base (Sodium hydroxide) mixed with acid. In other words, the volume of NaOH dropped into the acid is controlled but what is changed is the amount of base in the conical flask. (1 cm3 will always be followed with 1 cm3, there will be no change in how much you put in each time; what changes is how much acid there is in the beaker) Dependent The pH of the solution Controlling Variables Table 2: Variables and Methods of Control Type Variable Method of Control Controlled The volume of the Acetic acid will be controlled 20 cm3 of the Acetic acid will be measured out using a Mohr pipette and then carefully released into the conical flask The pressure under which the experiment is carried out. All experiments will be conducted standard laboratory conditions, which means at 1atm pressure The Temperature under which each experiment is conducted. All experiments will be conducted in the same room within quick succession. The amount of base added to conical flask each time Successive portions of 1 cm3 of NaOH will be added to the conical flask until it reaches the endpoint Human judgment errors The person conducting the experiment must read from the burette in which holds the NaOH. By using the same person for each experiment- the error of judgment will be kept constant. Aspect 3 Materials and Equipment List (enough for 1 titration including the rough titration) 1 x 50 +/- 0.05 cm3 Burette 1 x Burette Stand and clamp 1 x funnel 1 x 100 +/-0.050 cm3 Conical flask GLX pH probe 1L Distilled Water 1 x 20 +/- 0.020 cm3 Mohr Pipette 50 cm3 of Acetic Acid concentration of approximately 0.1mol dm -3 100 cm3 Sodium Hydroxide solution 0. 1mol dm -3 Safety Glasses White Paper Graph Paper Pen Pencil, for drawing the Graph Rubber Gloves (in case of glass breakage) 1 x White tile 1 x Standard Bulb 50 cm3 bottle of Phenolphthalein indicator (only 4 drops are required) Paper towels (for cleaning) Figure 2: Conical Flask Figure 3: Burette Figure 4: Mohr Pipette These pictures were all obtained from www.google.com/images General Method 1. Before commencing this experiment it was made sure that all involved in the experiment were wearing the safety goggles and a lab coat to avoid risk of injury (refer to table 3) 2. The Titration was set up as follows, with the clamp holding the burette and the funnel at the top of the burette. The conical flask should be placed on a white tile underneath the burette. The burette should be clamped so that its tip is within the conical flask but above the surface of the solution. Figure 5: Titration set-up 3. The burette was then rinsed with distilled water to ensure that it is clean and to avoid errors 4. Usually experimenters cannot reach the top of the burette when its placed on a lab bench, so as a result, the burette and the burette stand were placed on the ground and Sodium Hydroxide was carefully poured to the first digit on the top of the burette (usually 0) via the funnel. The initial reading of the burette was then recorded in the results table, refer to table 3. Afterwards, the burette was returned to its original position on the top of the bench 5. The Mohr pipette was then checked for chips and cracks and was rinsed several times to ensure accurate volume measurements 6. Afterwards, the Mohr pipette was used to collect 20 cm3 of acid (Please refer to the Using Mohr pipette method) and the acid was then poured into the conical flask 7. Immediately following, the GLX pH probe, refer to GLX probe method, was adjusted and the head was placed in the acid, the pH of the initial acid was recorded in the results table, refer to table 3 8. 2 drops of Phenolphthalein was then added to the acid. The Phenolphthalein is an indicator which means it turns pink when base is added, an indication of endpoint would be that the liquid in the conical flask turns pink 9. To begin with, a rough Titration was be done to estimate the endpoint 10. In a rough Titration the tap was opened, and the base was simultaneously released into the conical flask until the liquid turned pink in which the tap was closed. When the liquid turned pink the final pH was recorded in the results table. Also record the final reading of the burette. The Rough Titration is only an indication and so should not be used in data analysis. 11. After the Rough Titration, the solution in the conical flask was discarded in the sink. Since the products were neutralized solutions of common salts they can safely be disposed of down the sink. 12. The conical flask was then washed with distilled water and 20 cm3 of Acetic acid was then poured into it via the Mohr pipette. And immediately following this, the GLX pH probe was placed inside the acid. Sodium Hydroxide was also then poured into the burette, using the method discussed in point 4, to top it up 13. The titration was then initiated, and successive portions of 1 cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide were added to the conical flask. After each addition, the burette and pH readings were obtained and recorded. If the person doing the experiment is right handed, then their right hand should be used to open and close the tap to allow Sodium Hydroxide to drip out and their left hand should be used to swirl the solutions in the conical flask. Swirling is important as the pH may drift until a completely homogenous solution is achieved. The same principle applies to left handers, except they would of course use their left hand instead of their right hand to release the NaOH. 14. The Titration was continued until the pH reached 12, the final burette reading was also recorded 15. This titration process (steps 11-14) was repeated another two times, allowing more reliable results. 16. After the Titration the benches were wiped down using paper towels, the solution was discarded in the sink and the glassware was placed in the designated container. Hands were washed before leaving the laboratory. 17. By the results gathered, a Titration curve can be drawn. The pH would simple be on the y axis while the volume of the base would be on the x axis. The pKa can be determined by finding the pH halfway to the endpoint of the Titration curve. GLX pH probe method: 1. The probe was first turned on and then pH probe section was plugged in at the top. 2. The pH probe section was then placed into the Acetic acid 3. Automatically, a pH reading appeared on the screen 4. When enough data was collected the recorded was stopped and the probe was unplugged 5. The GLX pH probe was then plugged into a laptop to export the data to the computers hard drive Using Mohr Pipette method: 1. The standard bulb was attached to the end of the pipette by carefully fitting the bulb at the end of the pipette 2. The pipette tip was then placed below the surface of the liquid and the bulb was squeezed to draw the liquid up. 3. The volume of the Acetic acid in the pipette was determined by reading the meniscus of the pipette 4. The pipette was then held above the conical flask, and the bulb was released to release all the liquid into the conical flask Table 3: The results table pH recorded Rough Titration Volume of Sodium Hydroxide added Amount of base in the conical flask (burette reading) 1st Trail 2nd Trail 3rd Trial Initial burette reading (cm3) 1 cm3 1 cm3 Final burette reading (cm3) 1cm3 2 cm3 Volume of Titration (cm3) 1cm3 3 cm3 1 cm3 4 cm3 1cm3 5 cm3 Note: The purple shaded region is the rough Titration. The volume of Sodium Hydroxide added each time will always be 1 cm3 but the Amount of base in the conical flask will change. Also, the patterns in this table should be continued until the Amount of base in the conical flask is at least 30 cm3. The pH will be recorded via the GLX data probe. Safety Precautions Table 4 : The risks involved in the experiment and safety precautions to reduce the risks Name Risk Precautions Sodium Hydroxide Can cause serious burns, however the 0.1 concentration of Sodium Hydroxide cannot cause harmful burns unless excessive amounts of it are poured on the skin. Harmful by ingestion and skin contact. Safety Glasses are needed to reduce the risk of injury if a spill occurs. Avoid skin contact with Sodium Hydroxide as well as ingestion. Acetic acid Causes burns, however the 0.1 concentration of Acetic acid cannot cause harmful burns unless excessive amounts of it are poured on the skin. Harmful by ingestion and skin contact. Safety Glasses should be worn the entire time to reduce the risk of injury. Gloves and Lab coat should be worn to avoid skin irritation. Avoid skin contact with Acetic acid. Glass wear Breakages can cause cuts and serious chemical spills Wearing rubber gloves make sure that all broken glass is disposed of appropriately. The burette should also be handled very carefully as it is very fragile. Spillage of Sodium Hydroxide or Acetic acid Can cause serious burns Wash any spills copiously with water BIBLIOGRAPHY * Volumetric analysis. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.uwplatt.edu/chemep/chem/chemscape/LABDOCS/CATOFP/measurea/volume/pipet/pipet4.htm. * Acid-base titrations. Wikipedia. 4 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_titration. * pKa and LogP Measurements. 4 Feb 2009 http://www.raell.demon.co.uk/chem/logp/logppka.htm. * pKa of a weak acid. 4 Feb 2009 http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:E6yRz3RiHlwJ:www.profpaz.com/Files/chem102/Exp_10.pdf+%22volume+at+equivalence+point%22hl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=au. * Neuss, Geoffrey. Chemistry . London: Oxford, 2007. * Neuss, Geoffrey. Chemistry For the IB diploma. London: Oxford, 2007. Cited using http://citationmachine.net/index2.php

Health Status Indicators for Populations in New Zealand

Health Status Indicators for Populations in New Zealand Amy A. Bulseco Identify four current health status indicators for three diverse groups from national and international perspective. New Zealand Children One of the target groups of the Ministry of Health are the children of age group 0- 14 years. The early stages of life are one of the most important factors that one has to consider in health because it determines how healthy adulthood and advanced age would be (Ministry of Health 2012). Research conducted by the Ministry of Health on health programs are used to address certain issues of specific population groups. Obesity is one of the health indicators identified for the New Zealand Children: It was identified that 10% of children under the age 2-14 years old in New Zealand are obese and this constitutes about 91,000 children in the population. While, two in ten (21%) children aged 2-14 y/o were overweight but not obese or an estimated number of 184,000 children. Obesity has become prevalent due to modernization as children spend more time indoor watching television and more children opt now to eating chips and drinking sodas. Obesity is the result of unbalanced physical activity and metabolism between excessive food and drinks intake (Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Children and Young People 2-18 y/o, 2012). Unmet needs for primary health care About 20% of children age 0-14 year old experienced unmet need for primary healthcare for the past 12 months. This composes of 180,000 children in the year 2011-2012 (The Health of New Zealand Children 2011-2012). Unmet primary healthcare need may mean that there is a possibility that a child’s condition can worsen if not treated promptly (MOH 2012). New Zealanders with Intellectual Disability There is 0.7% or a total of 31,847 identified as persons having intellectual disability. The group comprises of those with cognitive impairment early in life and those who developed it at a more advance age. Persons with disability tend to have poorer health outcomes than the rest of the population (MOH 2011). Chronic Health Conditions: Respiratory Disease Respiratory disease, together with coronary disease, is the leading cause of death of people among persons with intellectual disability. There are 7,060 or 22% are diagnosed and are receiving treatment for respiratory disease such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease like emphysema (MOH 2011). Respiratory disease is preventable through proper and regular screening. There is no known form of screening among people with intellectual disability in New Zealand. There are also evidences that other form of screening are inequitably delivered overseas (MOH, December 2013) Maori It is said that in Maori culture, suicide or whakamomori is not sanctioned except in time of grief. It was not prevalent among pre-contact Maori society because it is believed that strong family ties and social structures protect them against suicide. Maori’s youth have higher rates of suicide than the older Maori due to the possibility that they perform a positive role of integration to their whanau and hapu (Durie, 2001). Suicide On the data gathered on The Suicide Facts by Ministry of Health there are 549 deaths due to suicide in 2012. Maori has highest suicide cases of 120 deaths or 21.9%. In the age standard suicide rate there are 17.8 per 100,000 Maori population compare to 10.6 per 100,000 in non-Maori group. Maori youth suicide remains consistently high and is 1.7 times more likely to commit suicide than non- Maori group. Maori population tends to suffer more health and socioeconomic challenges compare to the non-Maori population. Risk factors for Maori which are associated with suicide like social and educational disadvantage, unhappy family and childhood background, mental health problem and recent life crises (Durie, 2001). The World Health Organization is the leader in promoting, monitoring and coordinating body on international health within the United Nations. They are basically working on five areas like health systems, non-communicable diseases, promoting health through life course, communicable diseases, corporate services and preparedness, surveillance and response. As a part WHO’s role in preparedness, surveillance and response they do risk assessment, help countries prepare for, respond to and recover from emergency due to hazard that pose a threat to human health security. Syria The WHO has categorized the Arab Syrian Republic health crisis as â€Å"Grade 3† or most serious humanitarian emergency thus requiring lot of help from several organizations. In 2011 there are 190,000 people killed, 1 million injured and 6.5 million who are displaced (WHO, WHO and health partners responding to the Syrian Arab Republic health tragedy, 2014) Syrian Children (0-5 y/o) Syria’s population is 21,898,000 in the year 2013 (WHO, World Health Statistics , 2015). The United Nations has said that 12.2 million are in need of humanitarian assistance and this includes 5.6 million children. Investigators have accused the rebels as well as the government itself that as a method of war it has blocked access to water, food and healthcare services. (Roger, 2015) Malnutrition Findings on the status of nutrition in Syrian children from 2007-2014 identified that there are 27.5% who are stunted, 11.5% are wasted, 10.5% are underweight while there are 17.9% of overweight children. (WHO, 2015). An increase of undernourished children predisposes them to health problems. The status of nutrition also indicates the country’s socioeconomic status. Stunting is described as low height for age or the failure to reach linear growth due to suboptimal level of health or nutritional condition. High levels of stunting signify poor socioeconomic conditions such as illness and inappropriate feeding. 5% 65% prevalence is common among less developed countries. Wasting or thinness which was described as low weight for height is a severe process of weight loss due to severe disease, acute starvation or due to chronic unfavorable condition. Above 5% prevalence is alarming because the possibility of mortality may follow. An occurrence of wasting bet 10-14% is regarded as serious. (WHO, Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition, 2015) Immunization status for children 1 year and below Measles immunization status among Syrian children showed considerable drop from 84% in 2000 to 61% in 2013. Other immunization like DPT3 (Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus toxoid) only covered 41% of children. 41% of the children were immunized with Hib3 (Haemophilus Influenza type B) and 71% were vaccinated for HepB3 (Hepatitis B). Immunization reduces the risk of increase mortality rate among children especially those diseases that can be prevented through vaccines. The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 is dedicated in strengthening routine immunization to meet vaccination target, prevent millions of death by making vaccines more accessible to the communities, increase the control of preventable diseases and spur the research for future vaccines. (WHO, Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals:Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020, 2015) General Syrian Population Mortality Morbidity The recorded deaths due to all causes per 100,000 Syrian are 28,718 in the year 2012. The highest reason of death is due to injuries which accounts for 18,227 people. Second leading cause is due to non-communicable diseases which affected 7,685 people. The record on deaths by communicable disease indicated 2,807 deaths (WHO, World Health Statistics , 2015). War has brought a devastating effect on Syrian population. It has suffered for four years due to conflict causing a decline to the country’s health situation. Half of the hospitals are not functioning, patients need to travel hundreds of kilometers just to access to the nearest hospital, outbreak to communicable diseases, and there was a shortage of medicines for non-communicable diseases and poor water and food sanitation causing waterborne diseases contributed all to mortality and morbidity rate of Syrian people. (WHO D. f., 2015) Lebanon As a response to the ongoing war, the United Nation developed a Regional Response Plan (RRP) for Syria. The RRP adopted an open border policy to Syria’s neighboring country such as Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan and Egypt (U.N, 2015).All in all there are 3,984,393 Syrian refugees registered to The United Nations Refugee Agency as of June 17, 2015. Lebanon is situated in the western part of Asia. It has a population of 4,822,000 in the year 2013 (WHO, World Health Statistics , 2015). On the northern and eastern part it is bordered by Syria while on the southern part is Israel. Syrian Refugees Lebanon has 500, 654 Syrian refugees in the year 2013. Aside from accepting the highest influx of Syrian refugees, Lebanese government faces the issues like water and waste management, funding for health are also being stretched as facilities and supplies was divided for locals and for refugees (U.N, 2015) Leishmaniasis It is a tropical disease acquired from the bite of a sand fly. It has three forms, cutaneous, mucocutaneous and the visceral leishnmaniasis. In the past years, between 2001-2014 there are only 0-6 cases every year. In year 2013 there has been a drastic increase to 1,033 cases. Syrian refugees are greatly affected with 998 cases or 96.6% and 3.4 % are composed of Lebanese nationals and Palestinian refugees. Environmental sanitation is a contributing factor in the spread of the disease. Wars and cluster relocation are also the cause of Leishmaniasis (Alawieh, 2014). Analysis of related causative factors identified in pertinent national and international literature. â€Å"The cost of inaction is clear and unacceptable. Through investing in vigorous and well targeted prevention and control now, there is a real opportunity to make significant progress and improve the lives of populations across the globe.† -Lee, Jong Wook (Director General, WHO Ischemic heart disease among adult New Zealanders According to the statistics in 2012 ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death killing a 4.6 thousand of New Zealanders. (WHO, New Zealand: WHO statistical profile, 2015).The survey in health in 2013-2014 there are 165,000 (4.6%) people diagnosed of heart disease. The occurrence is highest among 75 years old with 22% prevalence. Smoking Smoking is one of the modifiable causes of heart disease. People who smoke are 2-4 times more prone to having heart attack or stroke. (Heart Foundation, 2015).There is 17.2% or an estimated number of 615,000 adult New Zealanders who are current smokers and 15.5% are known to smoke daily (MOH, Annual update of key result 2013/2014: New Zealand Health Survey, 2014) The chemicals present in tobacco accumulate overtime and causes damage to the lining of arteries triggering inflammation that may block the flow of blood supplying the heart (Heart Foundation, 2015) Obesity Obesity is measured by means of Body Mass Index. A BMI that exceeds 30 or more is considered an obese person. Three in ten adults or 30% are identified as obese by the health survey in 2013-2014 (MOH, Annual update of key result 2013/2014: New Zealand Health Survey, 2014). A lot of condition may develop due to obesity, it is usually accompanied by elevated blood pressure, elevated blood sugar and elevated lipid profile as well. According to Michael Smith fat people are more prone to develop heart attack and diabetes. Hazardous drinking among adult Maori Hazardous drinking poses harm not only to one self but also to others. Behaviors such as domestic abuse, cultural offences, violence and even an increase in motor vehicular accidents are positively related to alcohol misuse (Durie, 2001). It was identified that one in three (30%) adult Maori are hazardous drinkers. Socio-economic disadvantage There are many causative factor linked to hazardous drinking of Maori, one of them is socio economic disadvantage such as poor housing condition, unemployment, low educational attainment and unmet health care needs. Due to colonization, Maoris developed a culture of dependence. Alcohol dependency is one of them as a means of escaping humiliation and entrapment. (Durie, 2001) Ischemic heart disease According to the data gathered by WHO, ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death globally. In 2000 there are 6 million deaths while in 2012 it increased to 7.2 million deaths due to heart disease (WHO, Top 10 leading cause of death in the world, 2000 and 2012, 2015). Smoking World Health Organization. Leishmaniasis—diagnosis, detection and surveillance. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Available at: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/ surveillance/en/ http://www.who.int/features/2014/syria-health-tragedy/en/