Additional Staff To Handle The Increased Workload Management Essay

Additional Staff To Handle The Increased Workload Management Essay Given the importance of a skilful and knowledgeable workforce in a business organisation, hiring additional staff to handle the increased workload is not the only solution. It would be better if staff is more productive and efficient. This is because in this competitive world, training is becoming a major issue for most organisations. Thus, training enables the worker to produce better results by continuously increasing productivity and efficiency. The importance of training has long been recognized but the significance of training need analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of the training programmes. Without an evaluation, business activities will go on but no value will be added in the level of performance. In most business enterprise, evaluation after training often falls on the low end of the priority list. Due to the increasing level of competition of service business and high demand of the customers, high quality is crucial to measure the level of satisfaction of the customers dealing with the State Bank of Mauritius. The objective of the study are to determine the area where there is need to increase the quality of service being offered in the organisation so as to increase customer satisfaction as well as competitivity on the market. This will be done by enhancing the training needs assessment in the organisation. And the study will attempt to make recommendations wherever possible to increase the training programmes so as the service offered would be more customer oriented. To undertake the survey an overview of the organisation is made. A background study is established with the review of the literature on the training, the training needs assessment and the customer service. The review is based on the literature found in books and internet sources. The questionnaire of this study was design to target 100 customers to be selected randomly, to get their views on the level of quality of service being offered the State Bank of Mauritius. The data will be collected from the questionnaires will be analysed in depth will support of relevant graphs. Ultimately, recommendations and suggestions will be provided to improve the findings on the field of study. Abstract 1 Table of content 2 Introduction 3 Management Problem 4 Background of study 5 Literature Review 6-11 Aims of the study 12 Objectives 12 Research Questions 12 Definition of terms 13-14 Nature of the study Research Design 15 Sample 16 Data Collection 17-18 Data Analysis 19 Validity Reliability 20 Ethical Considerations 20 Significance of the study 21 Conclusion 22 Bibliography 23-24 Appendices1: Draft Covering Letter 25 Appendices2: Draft Questionnaire 26-28 Table of Content Introduction Training has long been an issue for organizations. Time and expense are the main issues that consistently surface in training needs assessment. Specially, there is a great desire for banking organisation to obtain training to be able to give higher and better level of service to the consumer in this industry. A pivotal aspect of this desire was the goal of stronger communication, cooperation and collaboration between the communities, the business enterprise. Training was identified as an immediate problem to be addressed. Due to the local and global competition, training is becoming vital for organisation for delivering quality customer service. Therefore, training is said to be crucial both for the employer and the employee. Increase in knowledge and skills make the staff more productive in his workplace and thus will be considered as a valuable asset for the organisation. However, despite its importance, the evaluation phase is usually inconsistent or totally absent in many cases. This may be due to factors internal to the organisation or perhaps the main reason behind this is that the tasks of evaluation of the training needs are too complex. The training needs assessment is a critical activity for the training and development function. Whether you are a human resource generalist or a specialist, you should be adapting at performing a training needs assessment. It is important to have an overview of the training and development function and how the needs assessment fits into this process, followed by an in-depth look at the core concepts and steps involved in conducting a training needs assessment. The Training Needs Assessment that resulted is the subject of this research paper. Management Problem In spite that the fact that the labor force is highly qualified and that they receive a certain level of training, it has been noted that the training needs assessment still need to be improved at the State Bank of Mauritius. No concrete evaluation has been conducted after delivering the training to assess its real needs and effectiveness. It was recognised that the employees responsible to cater for the customer care were unable to provide high quality service to immediate and external customers even after some level of training has been delivered The decline in the number if customers are also due to several management issues which result in that fall in number of clients. The main reasons are the rise of other competitive banking organisations which are coming up with efficient marketing strategies which are making their strengths. These competitive banks are bringing innovation in the way they deal with their clients and the various facilities they give them. Even though, not all performance problems can be addressed by training and in some cases, non-training interventions are necessary. By identifying performance problems that can be improved by training, the assessment will allow the agencies to focus on the real training needs within their organizations. Henceforth, I feel that analysis of the outcome of the training is important that is training needs assessment need to be carried on to know whether the training is having a positive impact on the quality of service being delivered. This study attempted to assess the training needs of a State Bank of Mauritius. It is a banking organisation in Mauritius which I assumed to be facing a fall in the amount of clients as there is a failure in the efficiency of delivering customer service. Background of the study Training is concerned of all concerned of all categories of the workforce as well as the management, irrespective of their grades, gender and status in an enterprise. This is because there is a rise in globalisation, the level of competition is more intense and thus training is becoming an essential tool for the organisation in order to deliver quality customer service. Training is a useful means to increase the knowledge and skills of the labor force. An effective training session will increase the workers productivity in the organisation and make them become a valuable asset. Training has long been an issue for organizations that exist in the banking sector. Time and expense are the main issues that consistently surface in any training needs. And time and expense impact smaller agencies to a much greater degree than larger banks. A pivotal aspect of this desire was the goal of stronger communication, cooperation and collaboration between the community, and the State Bank of Mauritius. These could provide training and other opportunities for the enterprise. Training is identified as an immediate problem to be addressed in the banking system on the organisation as it has much to do in order to compete with the other banking firms. A more skilled and motivate workforce will help to tackle this problem and solve many other issues relating to low quality customer service. The Training Needs Assessment that resulted is the subject of this research paper. I feel that the analysis of the outcomes of the training will be essential indicator in the improvement being achieved. It is believed that training deficiencies exist with resultant employee performance problems within the state banks mainly among the customer service officer who need to deal with the customers directly, the impact they make on the organisation as a whole is significant. The problem is to determine if training deficiencies do exist and, if so, to identify the common training needs will improve the customer satisfaction as the customer service agents, the cashier and other members of the management will cater for their needs and wants. I believe that if the study deals with this problem it may help the organisation to find innovative and competitive solutions as the work force will be trained and they may work in coordination with the management to improve the current condition of the State Bank of Mauritius. Literature Review There has been considerable research and attention directed towards evaluating training needs, understanding the importance of training to reduce cost and be more profitable. However, limited research has been made towards the evaluation phase. The literature reviews will examine the research and the literature relating to the awareness of the current state of knowledge in training and to show the thesis relates to others work and findings. This will be performed in order to develop a good understanding and insight into relevant previous research, a review of the definitions of training, quality service, customer service, customer service training, training needs, and training needs assessment from various authors. At this stage, I will present a critical summary on training needs assessment definition and other key terms that I will be using in the research project. The information was collected in books, magazines and web sites. The explanation of these terms will help to make the research proposal to be more clear and specific. The Importance of Training The significance and value of training has long been recognized. Given todays business climate and the exponential growth in technology with its effect on the economy and society at large, the need for training is more pronounced than ever. Training, in the most simplistic definition, is an activity that changes peoples behaviour. Increased productivity is often said to be the most important reason for training. But it is only one of the benefits. Training is essential not only to increase productivity but also to motivate and inspire workers by letting them know how important their jobs are and giving them all the information they need to perform those jobs (Anonymous, 1998). McNamara (n.d.) lists the following as general benefits from employee training: increased job satisfaction and morale increased motivation increased efficiencies in processes, resulting in financial gain increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods increased innovation in strategies and products reduced employee turnover This is only a partial listing of the many benefits that result from training. Training that is appropriate to the needs of an organization can add great value. Training is not always the answer to performance problems. Brandt Sakakeeny, training industry analyst for Solomon Smith Barney believes that training can be a great investment and training can be a waste of money (Rosner, 1999). Training is indeed a waste of money when the desired behaviour does not occur. Gupta acknowledges that not all performance problems can be addressed by training. In many cases, non-training interventions are necessary (Gupta 1999). The key is to identify what problems can be attributed to training deficiencies and, once that is accomplished, to insure that the right training is implemented. Bartram and Gibson, in their Training Needs Analysis Toolkit agree. Without the right training, employees can be the organizations biggest liability. Trained effectively, however, they can become your biggest asset (Bartram and Gibson, 2000). Rosner (1999) adds another ingredient for success support after training. He states, The most effective programs train workers in new behaviours and then train managers to support employees as they apply learning daily (Rosner, 1999, p.43). Support and endorsement from management can greatly enhance training results. One can conclude that training is not always the answer, and when it is the answer, it has to be the right training. Training is big business. In 1998, American companies spent $60 billion on training (Rosner, 1999). So, how does an organization train effectively so that the investment results in growth and success? To make training count, it must be matched directly to the needs of the organization and people in it. One tool that is used to accomplish this is the Training Needs Assessment. Training in Banking Sector Banking organisation is one of the fastest growing segments of our emerging bold new economy (Glasrud, 1999). The sector now employs more than eleven million employees in the private and public sector nations total workforce (Salamon, 1999). This growth is likely to continue as the demand for services provided by the sector continues to rise and the role of government in meeting individual needs continues to diminish (Boris and Steuerle, 1999). To be able to grow and serve the community, bank executives must realign their thinking about the economies of service deliveries and who shall deliver those services. In combination, the increasing presence of the banking sector and the shedding of the direct provision of services by government have served to create a growing demand for professionally trained banking administrators (Dolan, 2002). To summarize, quite simply our nations banks face continued growth to meet increased demand with lessening resources and increased needs for training. As anyone in the corporate training field knows, training often falls on the low end of the priority list. Thats especially true in the banking world. Another barrier to training is that some agencies have considerable turnover. They arent eager to spend their scarce resources training employees who may later leave (Frye, 2000). Technology has impacted everyone, but it has become an especially pressing issue for banks. According to Gordon (1998), the technology revolution has yet to make significant inroads in the banking sector. The banking sector is growing and all indicators suggest continued growth. Human and financial resources are being stretched to extreme limits. Training for the banking sector is problematic, especially in the area of technology training. The rapid rate of change in the technology field has some business enterprise behind. The gap will only increase if effective training programs are not implemented. Why a Training Needs Assessment? Some organizational and individual training needs are not as clearly defined as others. Even when training needs appear to be obvious, it is still necessary to choose appropriate methods that will meet them. Many training needs are not so obvious. A training needs assessment is one of the most basic and common forms of assessment used by HRD professionals in the workplace (Gupta, 1999). Needs assessments help determine when training is the answer and when it is not. Assessment insures that training programs have relevance to the people being trained. Gupta, in his book A Practical Guide to Needs Assessment, gives the following overview of the training needs assessment: A needs assessment provides the information that is usually necessary for designing training programs. The basic purpose of a training needs assessment is twofold: To identify the knowledge and skills that people must possess in order to perform effectively on the job, and To prescribe appropriate interventions that can close these gaps. There are two main reasons to conduct a training needs assessment: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It ensures that training programs are developed based on identified needs; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is relatively easy to implement (Gupta, 1999). Some performance problems can be addressed by training. Some problems training cant fix. Training isnt the answer to a problem when its used to cover up the symptoms (Rosner, 1999). A needs assessment avoids misdiagnosing a non-training problem as a training problem. A Review of Methods Commonly Used to Assess Training Needs Data gathering is the cornerstone of any needs-assessment project (Gupta, 1999). The fundamental premise of needs assessment is that in order to make effective decisions about current or future training needs, data must first be gathered (Gupta, 1999). There are many ways to collect data. Commonly used methods are interviews, focus groups, surveys and questionnaires, and observation. Other methods include the nominal group technique, action research, and Dacum (developing a curriculum). Most needs assessments employ one or several data-gathering techniques (Gupta, 1999). Interviews are one of the easiest tools for gathering information. Interviews can be conducted face-to-face or over the phone. The biggest benefit of one-to-one interviews is the human interaction that occurs (Gupta, 1999). Phone interviews are more effective when small pieces of information must be gathered. One-to-one and phone interviews can be conducted in either a structured or unstructured manner. Another advantage is that the interviewer can clarify answers when necessary and ask whether interviewees have additional questions at the end. Vicki S. Kaman (Allen, 1990) agrees. She lists the advantages of interviews as: (1) Employees can be encouraged to share their ideas; (2) Interviews provide process, as well as content information, and (3) Interviews provide two-way communication. Interviews also work quite well when the target group is small in number. Focus groups implement a group-interview method. People with similar experiences are brought together and asked their opinions and/or ideas about a specific subject. To be effective, focus groups require good facilitators (Gupta, 1999). Preparing and implementing surveys and questionnaires require several stages including preparing, designing, developing questions, writing instructions, writing cover letters and pilot testing, (Gupta, 1999). Observation is also a method that can be used to collect data during needs assessments. A problem that occurs when using observation is that people often alter their behaviour when someone is watching. To overcome this, techniques that are not obtrusive must be used. According to Gupta (1999), the main drawback to the training needs assessment approach is that it lacks the rigor of a strategic needs assessment, competency assessment, or job and task analysis. Results of Other Training Needs Assessments A review of the literature identified three recent assessments of the training needs of specific banking organizations. Highlights of (1) A banks needs survey; (2) Surveys of bank directors; and (3) An Educational Program Assessment. Conclusions A review of the literature has resulted in the following conclusions which are deemed the most important to consider as the research methodology is designed. Training is not always the answer to performance problems. Non-training interventions may also provide solutions to problems. A training need assessment will help determine when training is the answer. Time and is the most significant barriers to training for the workers. The banking sector will continue to grow. The problems of time will not disappear. Agencies must look to innovative ways to close the gap. Programs that require short amounts of time (half-day, one-day seminars, etc.) are the preference. (5) Face-to-face interviews are easy, yet effective in assessing training needs. They are time consuming, but the interaction that occurs can be extremely beneficial. The needs assessment is part of a university effort to reach out to the community. Face-to-face interviews should be carefully considered when determining the methodology of the research. Aims of the study The aim of the study is to know the importance of training needs assessment in an organisation and if it contributes to higher level of performance in all the aspect of the enterprise main in the quality of service being offered. Objective of the study Training it vital but to evaluate its impact on the organisation and the results in brings on the level of productivity is even more important. So, the main objective of this study is to: See if any training programme is being given. If these programmes are effective- what is the performance of the employees of the relevance training To know how the employees of State Bank view training. To assess the contribution of training of skills, knowledge, job performance and quality of service. To provide recommendation in areas where training need to be improved Research Questions The methods and procedure to be used for the collection of data to carry this study will include questionnaires, interviews and observation on the workplace. For the questionnaire I will need to consider its content, the question format, the order it will be placed, the types of question I will ask and the validity and reliability of the question in the study. It must be done in such a way that the respondents understand what is being asked. Then I will need to carry a pilot study with the front office manager so as to examine the first draft and to see if it contains any misunderstanding over the terms and questions. Example of the research questions: Is training important in State Bank of Mauritius? How training can help to improve public relations? How can training improve the quality of service in the bank? Are the Human Resource Manager committees to training of staff? What effect can training have in the organizational performance? Definition of Terms What is training? Training can be defined as the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving ones capability, capacity, and performance. According to Dale Yoder: Training is a means of preparing rank and file workers for promotion to supervisory position and for improving their competence and capability while they hold such leadership assignments. Human Resource at all levels needs frequent refresher training. According to Dale S. Beach: Training is the organized procedures by which people learn knowledge and skills for definite purpose.(Rao, 2003, 152) What is Quality? It is defined as A comprehensive customer-focused system that will improve the quality of products and services. It is a way of managing the organisation at all levels from the top management to the front line, to achieve customer satisfaction be involving all employees and continuously improving the work processes of the organisation.(Lewis, 1991) Quality is said to be the degree or standard of excellence. It is the whole of the attributes of products or service that meets requirements of the buyer, owner or the end user. What is customer service? According to Turban et al (2002), Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of satisfaction, that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the needs and wants of the customer which will make them be loyal to the organisation. Available on Wikipedia.org (Accessed 11 Sept 2012). Customer service is the provision of service at all the level of purchase and even after. It plays a vital role in the organisation ability to generate income and revenue. What is customer service training? Customer service training refers to teaching employees the knowledge, skills, and competencies require increasing customer satisfaction. Employees who are properly trained and who demonstrate professional customer service skills will be able to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. This will lead to customer retention, increase in profitability and reduce overheads. Investing in employees through training makes employees feel valued and improves their level of motivation. Consequently, when employees treat customers well by using proper customer service skills which consist of a good listening skills, and good questioning techniques can lead to higher level of productivity in the organisation. (http//en.wikipedia.org, 19 Sept 2012). What is Training Needs Assessment? Training Needs Assessment is the evaluation of the value and reliability of the importance of giving training to employees and to assess the effectiveness of the training programmes. It would be important to point out that there are three levels of needs assessment: organizational analysis, task analysis and individual analysis. Organizational analysis looks at the effectiveness of the organization and determines where training is needed and under what conditions it will be conducted. Task analysis provides data about a job or a group of jobs and the knowledge, skills, attitudes and abilities needed to achieve optimum performance. (Pickard 1992) Nature of the Study Research Design For this study, the research will be both of quantitative and qualitative in nature. The point of view of the respondent on the field of study will be taken into consideration with the subjective components of the research. This data will be obtained from in depth interview to obtain comments of the respondent on the importance and effectiveness of training and training needs assessment. This can be done by pulling the views of a huge population together with the help of postal questionnaires or web based surveys containing many opened questions. The research can also be of quantitative nature as it will help to gain a deeper understanding through the study of the numerical data collected on whether training is accredited much importance in the organisation and the effectiveness it has on the quality service being offered to the customers. The survey research to be carried on to obtain quantitative data need to be structured questions and self completion questions that is close ended questions with can be easily be converted into tabular or graphical illustrations. This type of survey is said to be efficient as it allows collecting accurate data on the large number customers and their level of satisfactions. Sample With any survey, it is necessary to clearly define the target population, which Collis Hussey (2003:157), define as follows: A population is any precisely defined set of people or collection of items which is under consideration. The participants of this study will consist of 100 customers which will be the sample from the whole population, who deal with the State Bank of Mauritius on different intervals. The selected respondents will be chosen by randomly sampling method. The target population will be specifically chosen for the above in order to validate the practicality of the concepts as presented in the project. The risk of bias, which cannot statistically be eliminated and will be included in the interpretation of the data collected. Data Collection Collecting data is the crucial part of the research process in developing the research proposal. Data gathering is essential to a needs assessment. The data of the present study will be collected by questionnaires documentary analysis. Instrumentation The method chosen is to collect data for the assessment is the survey method, specifically, a questionnaire to be administered to the customer trading with the State Bank of Mauritius. The study is to be descriptive in nature, specifically, training needs assessment. The design of the study will include population, instrumentation and analysis of results. The Questionnaires (Appendix 2) Identical questionnaires will be used to assess the training needs of the staff. The open-ended questions required respondents to answer in their own words. This elicited in-depth responses, as opposed to limited responses. Questions were framed so that they could be answered easily. The number of questions was limited so that it could be completed in twenty minutes or so. Participation needs to be anonymous and voluntary. The time limit for returning the questionnaires was on the same day the customer receive it. Completed questionnaires need to be individually returned. The questionnaire will include a cover letter providing instructions for completing and returning the form and a Protection of Human Subjects Consent Form with no signature requirement. The fact that the questionnaire will be collected on the same day may represent a compromise on the distribution of the questionnaires and may be disappointing, without a doubt, impact the validity of this portion of the needs assessment as the respondent may be biased in their answer due to lack of time. It is to be noted that the will consist of about twenty questions, and answer is to be provided for suggestions to be made for the open ended questions(unstructured questions) And for the close ended questions (structured questions) three or five options will be provided and the responded has just to tick one of them. A variety of questions were asked, but the majority revolved around job duties, education, learning and performance concerning the staff in relation with the customers level of satisfaction. After getting the permission from the management to perform the study a pilot study will have to be undertaken so as to ensure that the questions matches the objective of the study and to ensure that the exact question s and right method are used to obtain the required information. The pilot study will be pre tested on a sample of 5 respondents to identify any problems, design errors, misunderstanding of terms used and flaws. Then, the necessary corrections will be made and clarification will be made to cater for the changes before the final questionnaire is completed. Question Design The question instrument will consist of 5 parts as follows; The first part will contain general background which will include gender, age, occupation, purpose of visits, and frequency of visits. The training information related to performance and satisfaction. To ask for customers suggestions about quality service and where training should be enhanced. Data Analysis After questionnaires will be collected, there will be the need to process the data and explore the how will training needs assessment contribute to the improvement of quality of customer care service at the State Bank of Mauritius. The frequencies and percentages will be used for calculating and analyzing

LAND OF OPPORTUNITY Essay -- essays research papers

United States of America Land of Opportunity?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  United States of America is known as the land of opportunity for many immigrants who dare to dream of a better life. Since the beginning of American history, United States has focused more about equal opportunity than any other country. There are many people who strongly believe that once they come to the United States it is almost guaranteed to find success. For example, my relatives in Korea always ask my parents how much my family has earned so far. Also, they believe that we live in a totally different world, living the American dream. However, it seems like this country is no longer the land of opportunity for those who are immigrants and the low class people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many immigrants come to United States to achieve their America Dreams as my family did a few years ago. They think that they can get high-paying jobs easily, but the reality is not. According to an article, The Land of Opportunity? (Los Angeles business Journal, 1999), immigrants cannot get opportunities for high-paying jobs because: â€Å"The limited number of manufacturing jobs that they might have moved into in previous generations†; â€Å" The need for specialized training in many of jobs†; and â€Å"The lack of union-style apprentice program.† The article also says that many Los Angeles’ poor families are concentrated among recently arrived immigrant groups, most of them Latino, 600,000 or so Kim02 in Los Angeles count...

Essay --

Cloning Cloning may have many dangerous processes, reproductive cloning, the creating of a new organism, and cloning, the creation of a new tissues or other biological products such as food animals plants people and other stuff, which affects the human society which is not good at all. Scientists says cloning may benefit all men and women, religious leaders stress the idea of cloning to be a bad process that should never happen and they should get rid of the idea. Human cloning may serve as an aid to the children and parents with problems, cloning is not good at all to human life to see as a product to make money off or to be lazy. Humans reproductively and mentally give the idea of people becoming a product rather than a living human being. Taylor emphasizes that â€Å"reproductive cloning could also represent an enormous step in direction of transforming human procreation into human life†. In other words, reproductive cloning will create a world full of dolls that will remove every trace of living beings which is not a good thing to have. Though it is hard to believe the world becoming a doll house for each family, it has come to a conclusion that the ability of cloning and creating children is questioning everybody about cloning and how it will effect the world. what does it mean to be a human think about it. If it was not bad enough for this world to describe some of the people to be looked upon as nothing but a thing or be made fun of, cloning pushes the idea to a whole new level. By opening the door to things such as manipulation with doubles it could get really bad. Caplan states, as she despe rately explains the fear in cloning, â€Å"of wanting to be someone else, it can treat them as objects instead of person,† To even add ... ...ly fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because it’s got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasn’t changed what I think about my topic. 6. "A Plasmid Toolkit for Cloning Chimeric Cdnas Encoding Customized Fusion Proteins into Any Gateway Destination Expression Vector." n.d.: n. pag. Print. This source is a very useful source. It compares with the other articles because it’s about cloning. The information in the article is reliable. This source is objective. The goal of this source is to tell people what we don’t know about cloning. The text in this source could easily fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because it’s got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasn’t changed what I think about my topic.

Essays on Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard Essay

At first filled with shame, his officious father soon realizes just how profitable his son’s supposed spirituality can be. His mother, meanwhile, finds in the orchard relief from traditional Indian family life and middle-class respectability by devoting herself to creating increasingly exotic curries. All goes well until the local monkeys start to drink. Plans to rid the orchard of their unwanted hullabaloo multiply and eventually go completely awry, but not before Sampath is released from the endless cycle of demands. Transformed into a guava, he is last seen being carried towards the sacred Himalayas by the hungry monkeys. This story, by the daughter of novelist Anita Desai, works best when the pacing is as fast as the author’s touch is light, as it surely is in the final thirty or so pages. When it drags, stylistic tics become annoyingly apparent, the narrative too slender to support even a novel this short, and this talented author’s indebtedness to other writers, from Narayan and Salman Rushdie to Italo Calvino, Jerzy Kosinski and Gabriel Garcia Marquez the sign not of postmodern play but of youthful derivativeness.

Industrial Agriculture Essay

Research Question: Should the governments set standards for the food producing multinational companies to ensure the safety of its citizens and the environment? Introduction As a necessary part of human survival, food is a human right. Small, local family farms were the bedrock of traditional rural communities and the global food security which was the ability of countries to produce the food they need to survive in a more sustainable way. Yet the global food supply is increasingly falling under the control of giant multinational corporations with policies that are not environmentally sustainable. Sustainable agriculture preserves biodiversity, maintains soil fertility and water purity, conserves and improves the chemical, physical and biological qualities of the soil, recycles natural resources and conserves energy. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture produces diverse forms of high quality foods, fibers and medicines. Likewise, this system respects the ecological principles of diversity and mutually dependent and uses the understandings of modern science to improve rather than displace the traditional wisdom accumulated over centuries by countless farm ers around the world. Although the food industry encompasses all those who are involved in growing, processing, manufacturing or distributing food, from the farm to retail shops and restaurants, the threat to human health and the environment is ignored. The major problem is that there is not a sustainable agriculture system anymore with the start of the â€Å"Green Revolution† in Mexico. Sustainable agriculture is a model of social and economic organization based on an fair and participatory vision of development which recognizes the environment and natural resources as the foundation of economic activity. Agriculture is sustainable when it is ecologically sound, economically possible, culturally appropriate and based on a general scientific approach. The global corporatization of agriculture has had disastrous effects on farmers, food security, and the environment. To minimize these effects, governments of the world should set policies for the companies that produce food in order to protect their citizens’ health and for a more sustainable environment. Pesticides Industrial Agriculture contaminates fruits, vegetables and water with pesticides. Pesticides have been known to start illnesses and contribute to the increase of deaths caused by diseases. They seep into the soil which creates contamination of the crops produced and the nearby water sources. They are a costly and a time consuming form of insecticides and herbicides to clean. They are used greatly and without proper regulation in the entire agricultural environment. Standards for toxicological and microbiological hazards, and instituting procedures and practices to ensure that the standards are met should be set. In his writings, the Andrew Kimbrell shows evidence about this problem, â€Å"Since 1989, overall pesticide use has risen by about 8 percent, or 60 million pounds†(Kimbrell 11). This article was written in 2002. At the present year, 2012, this number has undoubtedly increased. Issues here include leaching of nutrients and pesticides, water extraction and drainage and f looding. Contamination of both ground and surface waters caused by high levels of production and use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers is a serious problem, particularly in areas of livestock or specialized crop production. Agricultural practices have been found to contribute to non-point source water pollutants that include: sediments, fertilizers (nitrates and phosphorus), pesticides, and manures. Pesticides from every chemical class have been detected in groundwater and are commonly found in groundwater beneath agricultural areas which are widespread in surface waters. These reduce the water quality which impacts agricultural production, drinking water supplies, and fishery production. The deaths that are caused by chemicals and the risk of cancer would increase. â€Å"Many popular pesticides appear capable of compromising the body’s ability to fight an infection, an extensive study finds. If true, pesticide use ‘could be a hidden killer’ – especially in developing countries, ‘where infections are a leading cause of death,’ says Robert Repetto, vice president of the Washington D.C. based World Resources Institute ( WRI) and a co-author of the new report† (Science News 1). A progressive budget system can be developed in order to support research on production of healthy food. Another solution is to determine and evaluate the chemicals that exist in the agricultural environment. Certain criteria such as evaluating statistics of illness and death caused by these chemicals, how government officials are regulating pesticidal use, and establishing alternmative methods of living need to be included when evaluating this dilemma. Genetically Modified Products Genetically modified products are not natural and increases the risk of cancer. These products are both plants and animals. For plants, the genetics of the crops are changed in order repel insects and other unwanted weeds to increase yield. However, the changing of the genetics make these crops unnatural which is a potential threat to human health. The genetic modification for animals are done in a different way, but it has the same goal as the plants. To meet the need for the unlimited goods, scientists have found ways to either increase the body mass of an animal for more meat or to increase the amount of milk that could be obtained from cows at an unnatural level. Corporations such as Monsanto not only are in control of the crops, but also the dairy industry. Cows are given chemicals to increase production of milk, but the milk causes cancer. â€Å"In 1994, the FDA approved the sale of Monsanto’s controversial GE recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH) — injected into dairy cows to force them to produce more milk — even though scientists warned that significantly higher levels (400-500% or more) of a potent chemical hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1), in the milk and dairy products of injected cows, could pose serious hazards for human breast, prostate, and colon cancer† (Cummins). These chemical hormones are serious risks of cancer. Drinking something natural as milk should not be harmful for a person. If nothing is done in order to prevent such a dilemma, the risk of cancer would increase for everyone because dairy products are an important part of person’s dietary needs. To solve this problem, an independent body of organization can be established which would be authorized to test and develop standards on food production. Also for international organizations developing safet y standards to ban any trade agreement which products contain genetically modified substances. The Environmental Damage Industrial agriculture have replaced the family farm practices which were mostly sustainable and also taken an extra toll on the environment that is not reflected in consumer prices. The currently dominant system of industrial agriculture impacts the environment in many ways. It uses huge amounts of water, energy, and chemicals, often with little regard to long-term adverse effects. The overuse of fertilizers and chemicals, overgrazing, and the unenforced regulation of factory farm dumping of agricultural byproducts such as excrement and pesticides into rivers and streams all damage the quality of air, water, and soil, which are of everyone’s shared resources. Irrigation systems are pumping water from reservoirs faster than they are being recharged. Water scarcity in many places is due to overuse of surface and ground water for irrigation with little concern for the natural cycle that maintains stable water availability. Toxic herbicides and insecticides are accumulating in gr ound and surface waters. Chemical fertilizers are running off the fields into water systems where they generate damaging blooms of oxygen-depleting microorganisms that disrupt ecosystems and kill fish. â€Å"In Chesapeake Bay, native sea grasses, fish, and shellfish populations have declined dramatically in number in the last few decades due to extremely high nitrogen and phosphorous levels caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers†(Kimbrell 30). Agriculture’s environmental impact has grown since farmers became dependent on chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Since the 1950s, fertilizer and pesticide use has increased substantially worldwide. If the hazardous chemicals are overused, the ecological balance in nature would be at risk. Many of the negative effects of industrial agriculture extend far from fields and farms. For example, in the United States of America, nitrogen compounds from Midwestern farms, travel down the Mississippi river to damage coastal fisheries and create a large â€Å"dead zone† in the Gulf of Mexico where aquatic life cannot survive. But other adverse effects are showing up within agricultural production systems themselves with the overuse of herbicides and insecticides which has led to rapidly developing resistance among pests that is rendering these chemicals increasingly ineffective. Agriculture’s link to global climate change is just beginning to be appreciated. Destruction of tropical forests and other native vegetation for agricultural production has a role in elevated levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The governments should pass laws that standarizes the use of these chemicals to protect the environment. Laws and regulations on sanitary standards should guarantee high quality and safe food for consumers and the environment. Other Side of the Argument There are also positive sides to the development of industrial agriculture which people such as Norman Borlaug says that biotech in agriculture will not harm biodiversity. Norman Borlaug, who is the father of the â€Å"Green Revolution† which started in the 1940’s was the main starting point of the industrial agriculture we have today. Borlaug claims, â€Å"If we grow our food and fiber on the land best suited to farming with the technology that we have and what’s coming, including proper use of genetic engineering and biotechnology, we will leave untouched vast tracts of land, with all of their plant and animal diversity† (Bailey 6). However, the problems that the Green Revolution or industrial agriculture itself has brought and will bring most indubitably outweigh the benefits. One of the core things the Green Revolution has brought was the high-yielding seeds, fertilizers and irrigation projects. Nevertheless, most high-yielding seeds use up more energy to process because most varieties are not resistant to drought and new diseases. This leads to the use of heavy applications of expensive fertilizers and pesticides. And then expensive herbicides must be used because fertilizers not only stimulate plant growth but also weed growth. These heavy doses of many chemicals end up ruining the soil.This agricultural system is not environmentally sustainable, it only provides enough resources in the short run. Conclusion A number of food control problems are currently being debated at the national and international levels, regarding genetically modified foods, contaminants (including pesticides), irradiation and nutrition labelling. There is an apprehension about the consequences for the quality and safety of the food supply concerning the increasing use of pesticides and drugs, as well as introducing genetically-modified organisms.There are many solutions for this crisis because food is a human right that demands the governments to set national policies to encourage food security. For example, local and diverse production of food should be supported by the governments and companies to guarantee satisfactory and accessible nutrition for all citizens. Governments must maintain the ability to pass laws for the national safety of their population to ensure food sovereignty. For governments, there is the need for enforceable standards that are convincing for both consumers and the industry. The industry needs standards that permit flexibility and efficiency in producing and marketing foods that will serve their customers because it is important for consumers that food control system provide meaningful protection against real and important hazards. Consumers can play a critical role in creating a sustainable food system. Through their purchases, they send strong messages to producers, retailers and others in the system about what they think is important. Food cost and nutritional quality have always influenced consumer choices. The challenge now is to find strategies that broaden consumer perspectives, so that environmental quality, resource use, and social equity issues are also considered in shopping decisions. Finally, new policies and institution must be created to enable producers using sustainable practices to market their goods to a wider public. Work Cited Bailey, Jay. â€Å"Billions Served: Norman Borlaug interviewed by Ronald Bailey†. Reason Magazine. April 2000 Cummins, Ronnie. â€Å"Hazards of Genetically Engineered Foods and Crops: Why We Need A Global Moratorium†. Motion Magazine. August 29, 1999. < http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/geff4.html> Kimbrell, Andrew. â€Å"The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture†. Island Press. 2002 Rosset, Peter. â€Å"Lessons from the Green Revolution† Grove Press. April 8, 2000 Raloff, Johnathan. â€Å"Pesticides May Challenge Human Immunity†. Science News. 9 March 1996.

Education in the Philippines Essay

Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of Education, commonly referred to as the DepEd in the country. The Department of Education controls the Philippine education system, including the curriculum used in schools and the allocation of funds. It also regulates the construction of schools and other educational facilities and the recruitment of teachers and staff. Before Philippine independence in 1946, the country’s education system was patterned on the system of its colonial powers, Spainand the United States. However, after Philippine independence, its educational system changed radically. Until 2011, the basic education system was composed of six years of elementary education starting at the age of 6, and four years of high school education starting at the age of 12. Further education was provided by technical or vocational schools, or in higher education institutions such as universities. Although the 1987 Constitution stated that elementary education was compulsory, this was never enforced.[citation needed] In 2011, the country started to transition from its old 10-year basic educational system to a K-12 educational system, as mandated by the Department of Education.[3] The new 12-year system is now compulsory, along with the adoption of new curriculum for all schools (see 2010s and the K-12 program). The transition period will end with the 2017-2018 school year, which is the graduation date for the first group of students who entered the new educational system. All public schools in the Philippines must start classes on the date mandated by the Department of Education (usually the first Monday of June), and must end after each school completes the mandated 200-day school calendar organized by the Department of Education (usually around the third week of March to the second week of April). Private schools are not obliged to abide by a specific date, but must open classes no later than the last week of August. Tertiary schools in the Philippines has varied grading systems. Most universities [including institutes and colleges], particularly public institutions, follow the grade point system scale of 5.00 – 1.00, in which 1.00 is the highest grade and 5.00 is the lowest possible grade. Some universities may follow the 1.000 – 4.000 grading system. Patterned after American universities. This system uses the 4.0 grade point equivalence as  the highest grade, while 1.0 grade point equivalence is considered the lowest possible grade. 0.0 grade point equivalence is considered a failing mark. The General Weighted Average is a representation (often numerical) of the overall scholastic standing of students used for evaluation. GWA is based on the grades in all subjects taken at a particular level including subjects taken outside of the curriculum. Representation of the subjects taken only in a specific curriculum is called the Curriculum Weighted Average (CWA).[1][2] Education in the United States is provided by public schools and private schools. Public education is universally available, with control and funding coming from the state, local, and federal government.[4] Publicschool curricula, funding, teaching, employment, and other policies are set through locally elected school boards, who have jurisdiction over individual school districts. State governments set educational standards and mandate standardized tests for public school systems.[clarification needed] Private schools are generally free to determine their own curriculum and staffing policies, with voluntary accreditation available through independent regional accreditation authorities. 88% of school-age children attend public schools, 9% attend private schools, and nearly 3% are homeschooled.[5] Education is compulsory over an age range starting between five and eight and ending somewhere between ages sixteen and eighteen, depending on the state.[6] This requirement can be satisfied in public schools, state-certified private schools, or an approved home school program. In most schools, education is divided into three levels: elementary school, middle or junior high school, and high school. Children are usually divided by age groups into grades, ranging from kindergarten and first grade for the youngest children, up to twelfth grade as the final year of high school. There are also a large number and wide variety of publicly and privately administered institutions of higher education throughout the country.

Global Business Issues

Global Business Issues Introduction Contrasting from history when intercontinental business was reticent for large organizations, the current market is characterized by dealings from both intermediate and large-sized companies (Gerrefi Memedovic, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Global Business Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More New trade accords have opened operation channels, thus boosting the levels of overseas dealing interactions. These interactions have necessitated new hypothesis, regulations, and practices in the overall production issues which must be plainly understood by managers despite their comprehensive involvement. There are different levels of worldwide involvement that companies can engage in, for example, cosmopolitan enterprises, global firms, and import-export businesses. Our business if focused on the importation-exportation sector, where we are required to introduce finished apparels into Australia and t he EU. In this segment of globalization, products are moved across nationalized boundaries without having the presence of various managers in our coordinating countries. Our dealing involves trade in apparels, and as the operations and sourcing manager, I am obligated to determine the best source for provisions. It is indispensable to understand the civilization of our trading partners and advance communication channels to amplify competence in transactions (Isik and Broadman, 2007). I have identified two countries, China and India, in my exploration. I was required to corroborate the comparative advantages of the Indian and Chinese clothes industries. It is compulsory to know the potencies and limitations of the GVC of India and China to guarantee triumph of our group. Countless nations are closely dependent on the cloth sector to engender revenue and foreign trade for their financial system, and produce employment openings. China governs the apparel market and is the foremost outw orker of clothes to the US, depicting a superior percentage to India Gerrefi Memedovic, 2003). Background information on comparative advantage In dealings, comparative advantage discusses the aptitude of a party to produce a creation at a lesser opportunity cost than another business. It is the facility to fabricate a creation with the uppermost proportional efficiency compared to all the other created commodities (Lee, 2000).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The term explains the value that can be created in business for either party, even when one can fabricate all commodities with a slighter quantity of assets. The markets are continuously altering; hence, the fraction of products being fabricated diversely changes while sustaining the significance of comparative advantage. This would commonly determine whether it would be cost-effective to introduce or produce an article of trade. The principle anticipates the increase in total output if characters focus on activities for which their rewards over the rest are the uppermost, or their shortcomings are the slightest. Comparative advantage will thus subsist if the business has an ascendancy margin in the production of merchandise, in our case apparels. The opportunity costs of fabrication thus become subordinate. The premise, developed by Ricardo, argues that locations have different factor bequests of assets, land and manual labor. There is the need to contemplate on and sell the products which exhaustively utilize the factors of production typically available (Gerrefi Memedovic, 2003). Total productivity and money-spinning benefits would frequently augment if each country specializes in the products they have a plus, even if one population has an unrestricted lead over the other. The research study The Indian and Chinese industries both posses benefits and confines due to chronological an d institutional circumstances. The rivalry presented between the two countries will create noteworthy inferences for the probable progress of the widespread attire sector (Karpova Lu, 2009). To deduce which nation should focus on a product, there is the need to scrutinize the interior opportunity expenditure of the identified countries, in this case China and India. The research involved using the global value chain (GVC) structure to elucidate on the comparative advantages of the two country’s attire industry. There are abundant factors involved in the GVC, including the delivery of fabrics, automation, shipping, and operation of the products. An examination study was thus conducted to institute the comparative advantage of the Chinese and Indian clothes industries. The study also provides insight on the potency and limitations of the Indian and Chinese GVC. Secondary data, chiefly appraised writings and appropriate websites, from both countries were gathered and separately investigated for the means of the GVC.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Global Business Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Findings It was observed that several competitive organizations provide difficulties in their penetration in spite of the advancing technology (Lee, D, 2000). While some structures may not be willing to give general information on how they fabricate and distribute their products, other has developed a limited cluster, which ensures remarkably limited countries as business partners. In China, the clothing industry is amongst the conventional industries which acquire a definite amount of comparative advantage and renowned competitiveness in the intercontinental market (Cukul, 2008, pp. 1). In India it is also seen as a traditional industry, where the advancement of local textile and attire industry is increased. The two countries have fashioned strong competition, which has successfully incr eased the level of contest in the intercontinental market. Compared to India, the toil expenditures and export value of china are at a competitive disadvantage. Evaluated against developed regions, the sophisticated ownership of production factors and advancement in technical matters must be fortified (Lee, 2000). However, it is a decisive competitive country among those having substantial cloth fabrication with their technical modernization and optimization of manufacturing foundation. The apparel trade has profoundly contributed in the industrialization of some countries, including India and Turkey. Monetary openings have led to an enlargement in overseas trade with established countries. China extended its foreign trade swiftly owing to vertical specialization, which gave it comparative advantages in fresh materials, depicted by a vibrant worldwide demand and significant elevated proficiency content (Cukul, 2008, pp. 5). China getting integrated in the intercontinental trading ma rket has also given the country protected, and foreseeable export markets. China is helped by the integration into the WTO, thus increase its exporting influence in the larger market, which is in the main advanced than that of India. These accesses into WTO altered the market competitive conditions thus having an outcome on the Chinese apparels industry. The persistent advance in the efficiency and global competitiveness of china’s mechanized industry have been superior owing to several factors, including, the copious and economical labor supply (Balasubramanyam Wei, 2005). Therefore, their product rapidly spreads in the comprehensive market. The country has the opening to develop more industrious and better technical-concentrated industries.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a concentrated alliance between the Chinese administration and the apparels subdivision, thus facilitating the exporters to under-price its competitors, for example, India, which have slighter pay rates. Data form the UN specifies that the country exports apparels collectively at around 50% less than the other countries. The availability of accommodating infrastructure and speed in reform-making has additionally developed the diligence. The nonjudgmental employment laws have also contributed in assisting the apparel industry to fine-tune production according to the liveliness of the market (Cukul, 2008, pp. 7). Textile productions are importing modern-day machinery, while the country’s regime sustains home-expansion initiatives while upholding household brands. The competence and wide-reaching competitiveness of the country faces several retributive factors which may encumber further enhancements in the apparel sector. The country has an inferior banking arrangement which may cause volatility in the world economy (Cukul, 2008, pp. 7). The monetary industry of china is not well developed, and at times relies on the counsel of the administration which may habitually result in the squandering of capital. Globalization is also unhinged in the country as there are several forces, including elevated foreign capitals, which pressure its adaptability. The demographics of china are disquieting as their guidelines for child-bearing may mean that the populace may encompass the aged in a few years time (Coster, 2009). The age pyramid would be upturned, as less young persons would be required to sustain the elderly residents. Fewer Chinese workers are less enthusiastic to toil in the fabric trade than other occupations because of the accessibility of more helpful prospects. The traditional labor source is thus deteriorating, hence, the delivery of raw resources and the resulting introduction of the requirements for production will create auxiliary tests for the Chinese apparel industry. India has entered the large-scale apparel business without the backing of any foreign aid in the fabrication of apparels, lack of adherent trade agreements with its customers, or any noteworthy role from its universal buyers (Balasubramanyam Wei, 2005). The manifestation of design is seen as an underpinning of comparative advantage in India’s attire industry, coupled by the role of the retail segment in systematizing the neighboring Indian market (Tewari, 2006, pp. 2325). China, nevertheless, has superior shares in world exports for both fabric and apparels while India has a comparative plus for clothing. The findings also pointed out that India had comparative advantages in higher value-added activities, for example, attentiveness in small-order mechanization, instituting local brands, and produce maturity. This contrasts China, which has comparative advantages in more strengthened production of raw materials, financial system of balance, vert ically aligned production, and accomplished logistics. The comparative advantage of India is also subordinate to China in labor expenses (Karpova Lu, 2009). However, the comparative advantage is limited and has variations in labor; for example, India has comparative plus than china in slighter labor costs. This advantage, however, fades away when we look into the lower level competence and inefficient labor systems in India compared to China. There are also anxieties from the intensifying labor costs judged by the small values of communal securities in both urban and rural China. Accordingly, china must promote its apparel fabrication by operating more proficient GVC activities, for example, mounting innovative variety mechanization. Advancement prospects for the apparel business for both countries were recognized, based on the comparative advantage of their industries. In order for both industries to perk up, there needs to be an upgrading in all-inclusive services (Karpova Lu, 2 009). India needs to employ its superior technologies in manufacturing and use the comprehensive production field. More efforts must be placed in reducing the rates of manufacture, especially in improving their procedural expertise and commencing efficiency. The trade poise of china is superlative to that of China, but both of them exhibit towering invention progress (Balasubramanyam Wei, 2005). Equally, they also have recently been benefiting from lofty flat reserves of capital. India displays better governance than China’s; yet, the impediments to trade exist in both locations. Implications The examination of the comparative advantages of the two countries, based on their GVC network, distinguished the advantages and limitations of the principal fabricators and exporters in the universal cloth market. The finding of this study can assist the group to make decisions on whether it would be apposite to invest in such companies as trade partners. If an overseas country can sup ply a cheaper commodity than we can fabricate, then we can make purchases with some of the profits obtained from other activities. However, there are several assumptions underlying the theory (Lee, 2000), for example, ignoring the transportation costs and the presence of externalities. Comparative advantage absorbs a lot of vitality, as it fluctuates occasionally. While a party may enjoy the benefit of a product for some years, the entry of new parties into the market may bring in the opposition which may disorient the profits gained. Also, the strengthening of the Japanese notes is bound to lessen the profits of clothing exporters. The alterations of foreign exchange issues can prove damaging for any association we intend to have. The development of more fruitful and technically-intensive groups would amplify the general competitiveness of the Chinese financial structure. The increasing labor costs entail that there may be augmented worldwide competition for a while, but unfortunat ely, may result in some household acrimonies (Tewari, 2006, pp. 2326). Under its democratic administration, it is indeed complicated to adapt a freethinking economy and the provision of globalization. Little labor costs do not attest more profits in the present market, particularly when the competitive setting is being altered. The wavering demographics of china would indicate a decline in financially viable escalation, as the dependency ratio would continue to rise. Thus, the country may dwindle before it realizes its prosperity. The scarcity of workers persist to bring changes in the industries maneuvers, as some cloth fabricators are cutting in their purchaser base, chiefly those who beforehand forced unworkable social obedience requirements (Coster, 2009). The rules being emphasized on pollution may result in the close of several companies, as the officials close in on environmental matters. Furthermore, there are those who are relocating to other regions where there are lesser labor and land costs and an elevated intensity of job seekers. There are several strengths that the GVC of the two countries experience, hence require to be amplified more for them to be toughened. Their weaknesses, for example, the soaring redundancy rates in China signify that recruits would be obligated to struggle harder for service opportunities (Balasubramanyam Wei, 2005), and thus wages are anticipated to fall. For India to contend efficiently with China there is a need for more investment in the restoration sector and engender superior fabrics. Conclusion The capacity of the apparel sector to participate worldwide depends on the power and value of the home industry (Gereffi, Ramaswamy, 2000. There must be resourceful invention of superior products on all divisions of the delivery chain, coupled by the yearning of the government to present efficient functioning conditions, and favor the familial industry in trade concurrences. The nature of antagonism will give the organiza tion approaches to resolve the competitive advantage. However, the competitiveness of the Indian and Chinese does not mean that this advantage would be sustained (Isik Broadman, 2007, pp. 3). The structure of the GVC helps in the appreciation of the alterations in the creation, the strategies employed to vary the collective apparel industry, and how diverse countries are incoming and moving up the apparel’s fabricating and exporting procession. All the players in the value chain must be acknowledged and a level of trust and cooperation identified with the aim of upholding the organization’s businesses. All-embracing global sourcing capabilities must be exaggerated by the company, as the production of apparels goes intercontinental and contest levels intensify (Gerrefi Memedovic, 2003). List of References Balasubramanyam, V Wei, Y 2005, Textiles and clothing exports from India and China: a comparative analysis, journal of Chinese economic and business  studies, vol ume 3, issue 1, pp 23-37. Coster, J 2009, Chinese apparel industry repositioning for growth?, just-style. Web. Cukul, D 2008, â€Å"competitive aspects of Turkish and Chinese textile and clothing industries†, 8th global conference on business and economics, October 18-19th  2008, Florence, Italy. Gerrefi G, Memedovic, O 2003, The global apparel value chain: what prospects for  upgrading by developing countries?, United Nations industrial development organization, Vienna. Web. Gereffi G, Ramaswamy K, 2000, India’s apparel exports: the challenge of global markets, The Developing Economies, XXXVIII-2 (2000): 186–210. Isik G, and Broadman H, 2007, Africa’s silk road: China and India’s new economic  frontier, Washington: World Bank publications. Karpova E, and Lu, Y, 2009, â€Å"Comparative advantage of the Indian and Chinese  apparel industries: an analysis of the global value chain†, itaa 2009 proceedings, Washington. Web. Lee, D, 200 0, Comparative advantage part1/2, the freeman: ideas on liberty. Web. Tewari M, 2006, Adjustment in India’s textile and apparel industry: reworking historical legacies in a post-MFA world Environment and Planning A 38 (12) pp. 2325 – 2344.